Fatty alcohol drug conjugates

ABSTRACT

The invention provides conjugates of fatty alcohols and pharmaceutical agents useful in treating cancer, viruses, psychiatric disorders. Compositions, pharmaceutical preparations, and methods of preparation of the fatty alcohols-pharmaceutical agent conjugates are provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. non-provisional application Ser. No. 10/107,537, filed Mar. 25, 2002, currently pending, which claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. provisional Patent Application No. 60/278,457, filed Mar. 23, 2001, the entire contents of both of which are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to conjugates of fatty alcohols and pharmaceutical agents such as anticancer, antiviral, and antipsychotic agents useful, for example, in treating cancer, viruses, and psychiatric disorders, and compositions and formulations thereof. Methods for making and using the conjugates also are provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Improving drug selectivity for target tissue is an established goal in the medical arts. In general, it is desirable to deliver a drug selectively to its target, so that dosage and, consequently, side effects can be reduced. This is particularly the case for toxic agents such as anticancer agents because achieving therapeutic doses effective for treating the cancer is often limited by the toxic side effects of the anticancer agent on normal, healthy tissue.

Extensive research has been done on the use of fatty acids as agents that improve selectivity of drugs for their target tissues. Fatty acids previously have been conjugated with drugs to help the drugs as conjugates cross the blood brain barrier. DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is a 22 carbon naturally-occurring, unbranched fatty acid that previously has been shown to be unusually effective, when conjugated to a drug, in crossing the blood brain barrier. DHA is attached via the acid group to hydrophilic drugs and renders these drugs more hydrophobic (lipophilic). The mechanism of action by which DHA helps drugs conjugated to it cross the blood brain barrier is unknown.

Another example of the conjugation of fatty acids to a drug is the attachment of pipotiazine to stearic acid, palmitic acid, enanthic acid, undecylenic acid or 2,2-dimethyl-palmitic acid. Pipotiazine is a drug that acts within the central nervous system. The purpose of conjugating pipotiazine to the fatty acids was to create an oily solution of the drug as a liquid implant for slow release of the drug when injected intramuscularly. The release of the drug appeared to depend on the particular fatty acid selected, and the drug was tested for its activity in the central nervous system.

Lipidic molecules, including fatty acids, also have been conjugated with drugs to render the conjugates more lipophilic than the unconjugated drugs. In general, increased lipophilicity has been suggested as a mechanism for enhancing intestinal uptake of drugs into the lymphatic system, thereby enhancing the entry of the conjugate into the brain and also thereby avoiding first-pass metabolism of the conjugate in the liver. The type of lipidic molecules employed have included phospholipids, non-naturally occurring branched and unbranched fatty acids, and naturally occurring branched and unbranched fatty acids ranging from as few as 4 carbon atoms to more than 30 carbon atoms. In one instance, enhanced receptor binding activity was observed (for an adenosine receptor agonist), and it was postulated that the pendant lipid molecule interacted with the phospholipid membrane to act as a distal anchor for the receptor ligand in the membrane micro environment of the receptor. This increase in potency, however, was not observed when the same lipid derivatives of adenosine receptor antagonists were used, and generalizations thus were not made possible by those studies.

Of key importance in the treatment of cancer, viruses, and psychiatric illness is the selectivity and targeting of drugs to tissues. The increased targeting reduces the amount of pharmaceutical agents needed, and the frequency of administration of the pharmaceutical agents, both features especially important in treatments that involve administration of pharmaceutical agents that may be toxic to surrounding tissues and may cause side effects. Because of the critical importance of effective treatments for cancer, viral diseases and psychiatric disorders and the difficulty in selectively targeting the affected tissues, there is presently a need for effective methods to target tissues with powerful drugs, while also reducing the side effects and difficult administration regimens.

Fatty alcohols are lipidic molecules terminating in an alcohol group (unlike fatty acids, which, of course, terminate in a carboxylic acid group). Unlike fatty acids, fatty alcohols are not a prevalent tissue component of mammals. They typically are prepared synthetically using fatty acids as a starting material.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the surprising discovery that fatty alcohols can be conjugated to pharmaceutical agents for treatment of a variety of disorders, including but not limited to cancer, viral infections, and psychiatric diseases. The benefits of these pharmaceutical-fatty alcohol conjugates include one or more of the following: targeting of the drug to the tissue of interest; favorably affecting the volume of distribution of the drug in the tissue of interest; reducing toxicity of the drug; reducing side effects of the drug; reducing clearance of the drug; reducing the necessary volume and/or frequency of administration of the drug, or increasing the amount of drug that a subject can tolerate by favorably affecting volume of distribution, tissue distribution, and/or release kinetics of active drug from an inactive conjugate in certain embodiments. Another surprising aspect of the fatty alcohol-pharmaceutical agent conjugates is that once the fatty alcohols are separated from conjugation to the pharmaceutical agents in vivo, the fatty alcohols can be readily converted into naturally occurring fatty acids.

Any and all of these aforementioned characteristics of the fatty alcohol-pharmaceutical agent conjugates may benefit subjects in need of treatment for diseases such as cancer, psychiatric disorders, and viral diseases and may allow altered dosages of drugs to be administered less frequently, with better results and fewer side effects.

According to one aspect of the invention, compositions of matter are provided. The composition, or compound, has a pharmaceutical agent (i.e., drugs) conjugated to a fatty group of a fatty alcohol via a carbonate linkage and has the following formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohols via phosphate linkers are provided. The compounds have the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XZH, wherein Z is O, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, and R′ is selcted from H, an ion, or a protecting group.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugates linked via a carbamate linkage to fatty alcohols are provided. These compounds have the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH, and R″ is selected from H, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, and the like.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohol via ester linkages are provided. These compounds have the following formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XC(O)OH.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohols via guanidine linkages are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂ (or XOH).

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents linked to fatty alcohols via thionocarbamate linkages are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents linked to fatty alcohols via phosphonate linkages are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XCH₂PO₃H₂, XCHR′POH₂, or XCR′R″PO₃H₂ wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkyl-substituted heteroatom, alkenyl-substituted heteroatom, or aryl-substituted heteroatom, and the like.

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents linked to fatty alcohols via oxime linkages are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

which are (E) and (Z) isomers wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent bearing a ketone or aldehyde functionality, i.e., XC(O)H or XC(O)R′ wherein R′ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and the like.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohols via isourea linkages are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohols are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

In certain embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure that is the same as the carbon structure of a naturally occurring fatty alcohol or acid. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure which is the same as the carbon structure of fatty acids which occur naturally in humans. Preferably, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure which is the same as a C₁₂-C₂₆, and even more preferably a C₁₄-C₂₄, fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.

In other embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure that is the same as an unnatural fatty alcohol or acid. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has an even number of carbon atoms. In other embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has an odd number of carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the carbon structure is saturated and in other embodiments, the carbon structure is unsaturated (olefinic). Preferably, the carbon structure is unsaturated, that is, has at least one double bond.

In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure that is the same as any of the following fatty acids: caprylic acid, capric acid, undecylenic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, gondoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nervonic acid. These fatty acids encompass all of the various possible isomers, including (E) and (Z) stereochemistry about the double bonds as well as placement of the double bonds. For example, as used herein, linolenic acid encompasses γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, as well as α-linolenic acid which differ by the placement of the double bonds in the carbon chain but have the same molecular formula (and molecular weight).

In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure the same as a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of: octanoic (caprylic); nonanoic (pelargonic); decanoic (capric); undecanoic (hendecanoic); dodecanoic (lauric); tridecanoic; tetradecanoic (myristic); pentadecanoic; hexadecanoic (pamitic); heptadecanoic (margaric); octadecanoic (stearic); 12-hydroxy stearic; nonadecanoic; eicosanoic (arachidic); heneicosanoic; docosanoic (behenic); tricosanoic; and tetracosanoic (lignoceric).

In these and other embodiments, the fatty alcohol moiety has a carbon structure the same as a fatty acid selected from the group consisting of: 10-undecenoic (hendecenoic); 11-dodecenoic; 12-tridecenoic; 9-tetradecenoic (myristoleic); 9-trans-tetradecenoic (myristelaidic); 10-pentadecenoic; 10-trans-pentadecenoic; 9-hexadecenoic (palmitoleic); 8-trans-hexadecenoic (palmitelaidic); 10-heptadecenoic; 10-trans-heptadecenoic; 6-octadecenoic (petroselinic); 6-trans-octadecenoic (petroselaidic); 8-octadecenoic (oleic); 9-11-octadecenoic (vaccenic); 11-trans-octadecenoic (transvaccenic); 9-cis-12 hydroxy-octadecenoic (ricinoleic); 9-trans-12-hydroxy-octadecenois (ricinelaidic); 7-nonadecenoic; 7-trans-nonadecenoic; 10-nonadecenoic; 10-trans-nonadecenoic; 10-13-nonadecadienoic; 10-13-trans-nona-decadienoic; 8-12-octadecadienoic (linoleic); 9-trans-12-trans octadecadienoic (linoelaidic); octadecadienoic (conjugaged); 9-12-15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic); 6-9-12-octadecatrienoic (gamma linolenic); 11-trans-eicosenoic; 8-eicosenoic; 11-eicosenoic; 5-eicosenoic; 11-14-eicosadienoic; 8-11-14-eicosatrienoic (homogamma linolenic); 11-14-17-eicosatrienoic; 5-8-11-14-eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic); 5-8-11-14-17-eicosapentaenoic; 7-10-13-16-19-docosapentaenoic; arachidonic; 13-docosenoic (erucic); 13-transdocosenoic (brassidic); 13-16-docosadienoic; 13-16-19-docosatrienoic; 7-10-13-16-docosatetraenoic; 4-7-10-13-16-19-docosahexaenoic (DHA); 12-heneicosenoic; 12-15-heneicosadienoic; 14-tricosenoic; and 15-tetracosenoic (nervonic).

One skilled in the art will recognize that fatty alcohols may be converted to O-fatty alcohol hydroxylamines before conjugation to pharmaceutical agents. They may be linked via analogous linkages to the linkages of fatty alcohols, including thionocarbamate linkages, carbamate linkages, guanidine linkages, amide linkages, thiourea linkages, phosphoramide linkages, phosphonamide linkages, and the like, as exemplified below:

wherein X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH, XNH₂, etc.

Many pharmaceutical agents are useful in the present invention. As those skilled in the art will recognize, any pharmaceutical agent having a group to which a fatty alcohol may be conjugated (either directly or via a linkage as described) is useful in the present invention.

Such pharmaceutical agents contain groups such as —OH, —NH₂, —NHR″, —CO₂H, —SH, —PO₃H₂ and the like (wherein R″ denotes a group such as alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, etc.). Many pharmaceutical agents, such as flavopiridol, contain more than one group to which fatty alcohols may be conjugated. As those skilled in the art will recognize, it is possible to choose which group of the pharmaceutical agent the fatty alcohol will be conjugated to by using, for example, well know protection and deprotection strategies. Generally, conjugation of just one fatty alcohol moiety to one pharmaceutical agent is preferable, although one skilled in the art will recognize that conjugation of more than one fatty alcohol to one pharmaceutical agent is possible.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent may be selected from an adrenergic agent; adrenocortical steroid; adrenocortical suppressant; alcohol deterrent; aldosterone antagonist; amino acid; ammonia detoxicant; anabolic; analeptic; analgesic; androgen; anesthesia; anesthetic; anorectic; antagonist; anterior pituitary suppressant; anthelmintic; anti-acne agent; anti-adrenergic; anti-allergic; anti-amebic; anti-androgen; anti-anemic; anti-anginal; anti-anxiety; anti-arthritic; anti-asthmatic; anti-atherosclerotic; antibacterial; anticholelithic; anticholelithogenic; anticholinergic; anticoagulant; anticoccidal; anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antidiabetic; antidiarrheal; antidiuretic; antidote; anti-emetic; anti-epileptic; anti-estrogen; antifibrinolytic; antifungal; antiglaucoma agent; antihemophilic; antihemorrhagic; antihistamine; antihyperlipidemic; antihyperlipoproteinemic; antihypertensive; antihypotensive; anti-infective; anti-infective, topical; anti-inflammatory; antikeratinizing agent; antimalarial; antimicrobial; antimigraine; antimitotic; antimycotic, antinauseant, antineoplastic, antineutropenic, antiobessional agent; antiparasitic; antiparkinsonian; antiperistaltic, antipneumocystic; antiproliferative; antiprostatic hypertrophy; antiprotozoal; antipruritic; antipsychotic; antirheumatic; antischistosomal; antiseborrheic; antisecretory; antispasmodic; antithrombotic; antitussive; anti-ulcerative; anti-urolithic; antiviral; appetite suppressant; benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agent; blood glucose regulator; bone resorption inhibitor; bronchodilator; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; cardiac depressant; cardioprotectant; cardiotonic; cardiovascular agent; choleretic; cholinergic; cholinergic agonist; cholinesterase deactivator; coccidiostat; cognition adjuvant; cognition enhancer; depressant; diagnostic aid; diuretic; dopaminergic agent; ectoparasiticide; emetic; enzyme inhibitor; estrogen; fibrinolytic; fluorescent agent; free oxygen radical scavenger; gastrointestinal motility effector; glucocorticoid; gonad-stimulating principle; hair growth stimulant; hemostatic; histamine H2 receptor antagonists; hormone; hypocholesterolemic; hypoglycemic; hypolipidemic; hypotensive; imaging agent; immunizing agent; immunomodulator; immunoregulator; immunostimulant; immunosuppressant; impotence therapy adjunct; inhibitor; keratolytic; LNRH agonist; liver disorder treatment; luteolysin; memory adjuvant; mental performance enhancer; mood regulator; mucolytic; mucosal protective agent; mydriatic; nasal decongestant; neuromuscular blocking agent; neuroprotective; NMDA antagonist; non-hormonal sterol derivative; oxytocic; plasminogen activator; platelet activating factor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor; post-stroke and post-head trauma treatment; potentiator; progestin; prostaglandin; prostate growth inhibitor; prothyrotropin; psychotropic; pulmonary surface; radioactive agent; regulator; relaxant; repartitioning agent; scabicide; sclerosing agent; sedative; sedative-hypnotic; selective adenosine A1 antagonist; serotonin antagonist; serotonin inhibitor; serotonin receptor antagonist; steroid; stimulant; suppressant; symptomatic multiple sclerosis; synergist; thyroid hormone; thyroid inhibitor; thyromimetic; tranquilizer; agent for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; agent for treatment of cerebral ischemia; agent for treatment of Paget's disease; agent for treatment of unstable angina; uricosuric; vasoconstrictor; vasodilator; vulnerary; wound healing agent; and xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

In certain important embodiments, the pharmaceutical agent is an anticancer agent. Important anticancer agents include: Acivicin; Aclarubicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Adriamycin; Aldesleukin; Alitretinoin; Allopurinol Sodium; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Aminoglutethimide; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Annonaceous Acetogenins; Anthramycin; Asimicin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine; Azetepa; Azotomycin; Batimastat; Benzodepa; Bexarotene; Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride; Bisnafide Dimesylate; Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate; Brequinar Sodium; Bropirimine; Bullatacin; Busulfan; Cabergoline; Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefingol; Celecoxib; Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin; Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Dacarbazine; DACA (N-[2-Dimethyl-amino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide); Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin Hydrochloride; Daunomycin; Decitabine; Denileukin Diftitox; Dexormaplatin; Dezaguanine; Dezaguanine Mesylate; Diaziquone; Docetaxel; Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; Droloxifene; Droloxifene Citrate; Dromostanolone Propionate; Duazomycin; Edatrexate; Eflomithine Hydrochloride; Elsamitrucin; Enloplatin; Enpromate; Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride; Estramustine; Estramustine Phosphate Sodium; Etanidazole; Ethiodized Oil I 131; Etoposide; Etoposide Phosphate; Etoprine; Fadrozole Hydrochloride; Fazarabine; Fenretinide; Floxuridine; Fludarabine Phosphate; Fluorouracil; 5-FdUMP; Fluorocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; FK-317; FK-973;

-   FR-66979; FR-900482; Gemcitabine; Gemcitabine Hydrochloride;     Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin; Gold Au 198; Goserelin Acetate; Guanacone;     Hydroxyurea; Idarubicin Hydrochloride; Ifosfamide; Ilmofosine;     Interferon Alfa-2a; Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfa-n1;     Interferon Alfa-n3; Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b;     Iproplatin; Irinotecan Hydrochloride; Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole;     Leuprolide Acetate; Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium;     Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol; Maytansine;     Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate; Melengestrol     Acetate; Melphalan; Menogaril; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate;     Methotrexate Sodium; Methoxsalen; Metoprine; Meturedepa;     Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin; Mitogillin; Mitomalcin;     Mitomycin; Mytomycin C; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone     Hydrochloride; Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamycin;     Oprelvekin; Ormaplatin; Oxisuran; Paclitaxel; Pamidronate Disodium;     Pegaspargase; Peliomycin; Pentamustine; Peplomycin Sulfate;     Perfosfamide; Pipobroman; Piposulfan; Piroxantrone Hydrochloride;     Plicamycin; Plomestane; Porfimer Sodium; Porfiromycin;     Prednimustine; Procarbazine Hydrochloride; Puromycin; Puromycin     Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprine; Rituximab; Rogletimide;     Rolliniastatin; Safingol; Safingol Hydrochloride;     Samarium/Lexidronam; Semustine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium;     Sparsomycin; Spirogermanium Hydrochloride; Spiromustine;     Spiroplatin; Squamocin; Squamotacin; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin;     Strontium Chloride Sr 89; Sulofenur; Talisomycin; Taxane; Taxoid;     Tecogalan Sodium; Tegafur; Teloxantrone Hydrochloride; Temoporfin;     Teniposide; Teroxirone; Testolactone; Thiamiprine; Thioguanine;     Thiotepa; Thymitaq; Tiazofurin; Tirapazamine; Tomudex; TOP-53;     Topotecan Hydrochloride; Toremifene Citrate; Trastuzumab; Trestolone     Acetate; Triciribine Phosphate; Trimetrexate; Trimetrexate     Glucuronate; Triptorelin; Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil Mustard;     Uredepa; Valrubicin; Vapreotide; Verteporfin; Vinblastine;     Vinblastine Sulfate; Vincristine; Vincristine Sulfate; Vindesine;     Vindesine Sulfate; Vinepidine Sulfate; Vinglycinate Sulfate;     Vinleurosine Sulfate; Vinorelbine Tartrate; Vinrosidine Sulfate;     Vinzolidine Sulfate; Vorozole; Zeniplatin; Zinostatin; Zorubicin     Hydrochloride; 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine; 2′-Deoxyformycin;     9-aminocamptothecin; raltitrexed; N-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid;     2-chloro-2′-arabino-fluoro-2′-deoxyadeno sine;     2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine; anisomycin; trichostatin A; hPRL-G129R;     CEP-751; linomide; sulfur mustard; nitrogen mustard (mechlor     ethamine); cyclophosphamide; melphalan; chlorambucil; ifosfamide;     busulfan; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU);     N,N′-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU);     N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (CCNU);     N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea     (MeCCNU);     N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(diethyl)ethylphosphonate-N-nitrosourea     (fotemustine); streptozotocin; diacarbazine (DTIC); mitozolomide;     temozolomide; thiotepa; mitomycin C; AZQ; adozelesin; Cisplatin;     Carboplatin; Ormaplatin; Oxaliplatin; C1-973; DWA 2114R; JM216;     JM335; Bis(platinum); tomudex; azacitidine; cytarabine; gemcitabine;     6-Mercaptopurine; 6-Thioguanine; Hypoxanthine; teniposide; 9-amino     camptothecin; Topotecan; CPT-11; Doxorubicin; Daunomycin;     Epirubicin; darubicin; mitoxantrone; losoxantrone; Dactinomycin     (Actinomycin D); amsacrine; pyrazoloacridine; all-trans retinol;     14-hydroxy-retro-retinol; all-trans retinoic acid;     N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide; 13-cis retinoic acid; 3-Methyl     TTNEB; 9-cis retinoic acid; fludarabine and (2-F-ara-AMP);     2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-Cda).

Other anti-neoplastic compounds include 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atarnestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bleomycin A₂; bleomycin B₂; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives (e.g., 10-hydroxy-camptothecin); canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; 2′deoxycoformycin (DCF); deslorelin; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; dihydrotaxol, 9-; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; discodermolide; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflomithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epothilones (A, R═H; B, R=Me); epithilones; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide 4′-phosphate (etopofos); exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; homoharringtonine (HHT); hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; irinotecan; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mithracin; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; 06-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; podophyllotoxin; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thalidomide; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene dichloride; topotecan; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer.

Other anticancer agents include antiproliferative agents (e.g., piritrexim isothionate), antiprostatic hypertrophy agent (e.g., sitogluside), benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agents (e.g., tamsulosin hydrochloride), prostate growth inhibitor agents (e.g., pentomone), and radioactive agents: fibrinogen I 125; fludeoxyglucose F 18; fluorodopa F 18; insulin I 125; insulin I 131; iobenguane I 123; iodipamide sodium I 131; iodoantipyrine I 131; iodocholesterol I 131; iodohippurate sodium I 123; iodohippurate sodium I 125; iodohippurate sodium I 131; iodopyracet I 125; iodopyracet I 131; iofetamine hydrochloride I 123; iomethin I 125; iomethin I 131; iothalamate sodium I 125; iothalamate sodium I 131; iotyrosine I 131; liothyronine I 125; liothyronine I 131; merisoprol acetate Hg 197; merisoprol acetate Hg 203; merisoprol Hg 197; selenomethionine Se 75; technetium Tc 99m antimony trisulfide colloid; technetium Tc 99m bicisate; technetium Tc 99m disofenin; technetium Tc 99m etidronate; technetium Tc 99m exametazime; technetium Tc 99m furifosmin; technetium Tc 99m gluceptate; technetium Tc 99m lidofenin; technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin; technetium Tc 99m medronate; technetium Tc 99m medronate disodium; technetium Tc 99m mertiatide; technetium Tc 99m oxidronate; technetium Tc 99m pentetate; technetium Tc 99m pentetate calcium trisodium; technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; technetium Tc 99m siboroxime; technetium Tc 99m succimer; technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid; technetium Tc 99m teboroxime; technetium Tc 99m tetrofosmin; technetium Tc 99m tiatide; thyroxine I 125; thyroxine I 131; tolpovidone I 131; triolein I 125; and triolein I 131.

Another category of anticancer agents useful as pharmaceutical agents in the present invention include anticancer supplementary potentiating agents. Anticancer supplementary potentiating agents include tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitryptyline, clomipramine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine and maprotiline); non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., sertraline, trazodone and citalopram); Ca⁺⁺ antagonists (e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine and caroverine); calmodulin inhibitors (e.g., prenylamine, trifluoroperazine and clomipramine); amphotericin B; triparanol analogues (e.g., tamoxifen); antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine); antihypertensive drugs (e.g., reserpine); thiol depleters (e.g., buthionine and sulfoximine) and multiple drug resistance reducing agents such as Cremaphor EL.

One particularly preferred class of anticancer agents for use in the present invention are taxanes. Among the taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel are preferred. Another preferred anticancer agent for use in the present invention is flavopirodol. Other important anticancer agents are annonaceous acetogenins and SN-38.

Another category of pharmaceutical agents for use in the present invention is antipsychotic agents. Antipsychotic agents include lorazepam; chlordiazepoxide; clorazepate; diazepam; alprazolam; hydroxyzine; buspirone; venlafaxine; mephobarbital; meprobamate; doxepin; perphenazine; hydroxyzine pamoate; venlafaxine; mirtazapine; nefazodone; bupropion; phenelzine; tranylcypromine; citalopram; paraxefine; sertraline; amitrptyline; protriptyline; divalproex; clonazepam; clozapine; haloperidol; loxapine; molindone; thiothixene; pimozide; risperidone; quefiapine; thiothixen; olanzapine; quetiapine; prochlorperazine; mesoridazin; trifluoperazine; chlorpromazine; perphenazine; and fluvoxamine. Most preferred antipsychotics include: clozapine; venlafaxine; risperidone; quefiapine; thiothixen; and olanzapine.

Another category of pharmaceutical agents useful in the present invention is antiviral agents. Antiviral agents include nucleoside analogs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, including the following: Acemannan; Acyclovir; Acyclovir Sodium; Adefovir; Alovudine; Alvircept Sudotox; Amantadine Hydrochloride; Aranotin; Arildone; Atevirdine Mesylate; Avridine; BRL 47923; BRL 44385; Cidofovir; Cipamfylline; Cytarabine Hydrochloride; Delavirdine Mesylate; Desciclovir; Didanosine; Disoxaril; Edoxudine; Enviradene; Enviroxime; Famciclovir; Famotine Hydrochloride; Fiacitabine; Fialuridine; Fosarilate; Foscarnet Sodium; Fosfonet Sodium; Ganciclovir; Ganciclovir Sodium; Idoxuridine; Indinavir; Kethoxal; Lamivudine; Lobucavir; Memotine Hydrochloride; Methisazone; Nelfinavir; Nevirapine; Penciclovir; Pirodavir; Ribavirin; Rimantadine Hydrochloride; Ritonavir; Saquinavir Mesylate; Somantadine Hydrochloride; Sorivudine; Statolon; Stavudine; Tilorone Hydrochloride; Trifluridine; Valacyclovir Hydrochloride; Vidarabine; Vidarabine Phosphate; Vidarabine Sodium Phosphate; Viroxime; Zalcitabine; Zidovudine; Zinviroxime, integrase inhibitors, TMC-125 and TMC-114. Adefovir, cidofovir, BRL 47923, and BRL 44385 are particularly important pharmaceutical agents.

Particularly preferred pharmaceutical agents useful in the present invention include: annonaceous acetogenins; asimicin; rolliniastatin; guanacone, squamocin, bullatacin; squamotacin; taxanes; methotrexate FR-900482; FK-973; 3, FR-66979; FK-317; 5-FU; FUDR; FdUMP; Hydroxyurca; meta-pac; irinotecan; SN-38; 7-hydroxystaurosporine; 10-OH campto; topotecan; adriamycin; cis-Pt; carbo-Pt; bleomycin; mitomycin C; mithramycin; capecitabine; cytarabine; 2-Cl-2′deoxyadenosine; fludarabine-PO₄; mitoxantrone; mitozolomide; pentostatin; and tomudex.

Other particularly preferred pharmaceutical agents for use in the present invention include: gemcitabine, docetaxel, paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, SN-38, BRL 47923, BRL 44385, cidofivor, anhydrovinblastine, flavopiridol, purvalanol A, purvalanol B, aminopurvalanol, roscovitine, etoposide, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin, 10-hydroxycamptothecin, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, mithracin, epothilone B, epothilone D, camptothecin, discodermolide, adefovir (PMEA), TMC-125, and TMC-114, valganciclovir; fomivirsen; zanamivir; oseltamivir; rimantidine; adefovir dipivoxil; tenofovir; tenofovir disoproxil; viramidine; 3-deazaneplanocin A; neplanocin A; saquanivir; maribavir; N-methanocarbathymidine; fusaric acid; synguanol; glycyrrhyzic acid; fludaribine; entecavir; MIV-210.

One skilled in the art will readily recognize those pharmaceutical agents are suitable for conjugation with fatty alcohols with no more than routine skill. For example, one skilled in the art will recognize that flavopiridol does not contain a carboxylic acid moiety and as a result, an ester conjugation is not conveniently synthesized. Preferred pharmaceutical agents are shown in Table 1, along with preferred linkages. TABLE 1 FATTY ALCOHOL PHARMACEUTICAL AGENT CONJUGATES Carbo- Phos- Carba- Phos- nate phate mate Ester Guanidine* phonate Paclitaxel X X X Docetaxel X X Gemcitabine X X X X Vincristine X X X X X Vinblastine X X X X X Camptothecin X X X CPT-11 X X X SN-38 X X X Mitomycin C X X Doxorubicin X X X X Adefovir X X X X BRL 47923 X X X X BRL 44385 X X X X Roscovotine X X X X Purvalanol A X X X X Puvalanol B X X X X X Flavopiridol X X X Cidofovir X X X X X Ribavirin X X X Thiono- Thiono- Oxime Isourea carbamate carbonate Paclitaxel X Docetaxel X Gemcitabine X X X Vincristine X X X Vinblastine X X X Camptothecin X CPT-11 X SN-38 X Mitomycin C X X Doxorubicin X X X X Adefovir X X BRL 47923 X X BRL 44385 X X X Roscovotine X X X Purvalanol A X X X Puvalanol B X X X Flavopiridol X Cidofovir X X X Ribavirin X *Derived from either fatty alcohol or O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine.

Although the above examples are preferred, they are not limiting. Other conjugates may be synthesized according to the invention.

According to another aspect of the invention, compositions of matter are provided. The compositions are useful as intermediates to fatty alcohol pharmaceutical agent conjugates and are of the following formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and T is a leaving group.

According to another aspect of the invention, compounds useful as intermediates to the pharmaceutical agent fatty alcohol conjugates of the formula:

are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ group of a fatty alcohol ROH, R′ is selected from H, an ion, or a protecting group and T is a leaving group.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, compounds which are useful as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutical agent fatty alcohol conjugates are provided. These compounds are of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ group of a fatty alcohol ROH, T is a leaving group, and BOC is a tert-butoxy group.

In certain embodiments, the leaving group T is OH, a halogen, or another leaving group. Particularly important leaving groups include N-hydroxysuccinimidyl, N-hydroxphthalimidyl, imidazoyl, para-nitrophenyl, ortho-nitrophenyl, azido, hydroxybenzotriazolyl, chloro, fluoro, N-hydroxymaleimidyl, pentafluorophenyl, 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl, 1-hydroxypiperidinyl, pentacholorphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, hydroxypyridinyl, 4-dimethylaminopyridinyl, 1-triazolopyridinyl, pyrazolyl, 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl, and 1H-1,2,3-triazaolo-[4,5-b]pyridinyl. These leaving groups may optionally be substituted with electron withdrawing groups or electron donating groups. Other leaving groups are groups include, but are not limited to:

The fatty alcohols and fatty alcohol moieties of important and preferred embodiments are as described above, as if specifically restated herein.

Those of skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications to the synthetic methods described are possible, and included in the invention. Such modifications include, for example, polymer supported, or solid phase, chemistry.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations of all of the compositions described herein are provided. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent XOH, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XZH, wherein Z is O, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, and R′ is selcted from H, an ion, or a protecting group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent HNR″X, wherein R″ is selected from H, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or an aryl group and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XC(O)OH and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XCH₂PO₃H₂, XCHR′POH₂, or XCR′R″PO₃H₂ wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkyl-substituted heteroatom, alkenyl-substituted heteroatom, or aryl-substituted heteroatom, and the like.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

XOH and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent bearing a ketone or aldehyde functionality, i.e., XC(O)H or XC(O)R′ wherein R′ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and the like.

According to another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂ and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

According to still another aspect of the invention, pharmaceutical preparations comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂ and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided.

The fatty alcohols and fatty alcohol moieties of important and preferred embodiments are as described above, as if specifically restated herein.

Certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical agent categories are as listed above, and particularly important categories are anticancer agents, antipsychotic agents and antiviral agents. Important such agents and preferred embodiments are as described above, as if specifically restated herein.

According to another aspect of the invention, methods for treating disorders are provided. In one aspect, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent XOH.

In another aspect of the invention, methods for treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XZH, wherein Z is O, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, and R′ is selcted from H, an ion, or a protecting group.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH, and R″ is selected from an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or an aryl group.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XC(O)OH.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XOH.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XCH₂PO₃H₂, XCHR′POH₂, or XCR′R″PO₃H₂ wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkyl-substituted heteroatom, alkenyl-substituted heteroatom, or aryl-substituted heteroatom, and the like.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent bearing a ketone or aldehyde functionality, i.e., XC(O)H or XC(O)R′ wherein R′ is alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and the like.

In another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

In still another aspect of the invention, methods of treating disorders comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are provided wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂.

The fatty alcohols and fatty alcohol moieties of important and preferred embodiments are as described above, as if specifically restated herein.

Certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical agent categories are as listed above, and particularly important categories are anticancer agents, antipsychotic agents and antiviral agents. Important such agents and preferred embodiments are as described above, as if specifically restated herein.

In certain embodiments, the disorder is a mammalian cell proliferative disorder, a mammalian viral disorder, or mammalian psychiatric disorder.

According to another aspect of the invention, methods of synthesizing fatty alcohol pharmaceutical agent conjugate compounds are provided. Generally, the methods involve derivatizing a fatty alcohol with an appropriate linkage and leaving group to form an intermediate and reacting the intermediate with a pharmaceutical agent to form the conjugate compound. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical agent may be derivatized with an appropriate linkage and leaving group and reacted with a fatty alcohol to form the conjugate compound. Generally, it is preferred to couple the fatty alcohol with a linkage and leaving group before conjugating the fatty alcohol with the pharmaceutical agent. As will be clear to those skilled in the art, other reactive groups of the pharmaceutical agent besides the site to be conjugated may have to be protected, which can be accomplished by routine methods known in the art, as described in, for example, Greene T. W., et al., In “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.; 1999, hereby included by reference. Nonetheless, several representative synthetic methods are shown in the Examples.

In one embodiment, methods of synthesizing a pharmaceutical agent conjugated to a fatty alcohol via carbonate linkages and ester linkages are provided. The method comprises reacting an intermediate of the formula ROC(O)T with a pharmaceutical agent of the formula XOH for a time sufficient to form the conjugate wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent of the formula XOH or XC(O)OH, and T is a leaving group. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art, a pharmaceutical agent XOH would result in a conjugate via a carbonate linkage and a pharmaceutical agent XCO(O)H would result in a conjugate via an ester linkage.

In another embodiment, a method of synthesizing a pharmaceutical agent conjugated to a fatty alcohol via a phosphate linkage is provided. The method comprises reacting an intermediate of the formula:

with a pharmaceutical agent XZH for a time sufficient to form the compound wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent XZH, wherein Z is O, a primary amino group, or a secondary amino group, and R′ is selcted from H, an ion, a protecting group or a second pharmaceutical agent.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical agent fatty alcohol conjugates may be synthesized by first derivatizing the pharmaceutical agent at a carboxylic acid group with a phosphate linkage-leaving group moiety and then coupling to a fatty alcohol. Although both methods may be accomplished using techniques known to those of skill in the art, exemplary synthetic methods are also provided in the Examples.

According to yet another embodiment of the invention, methods of making pharmaceutical agents conjugated to a fatty alcohols via carbamate linkages are provided. The method comprises reacting an intermediate of the formula ROC(O)T with a pharmaceutical agent of the formula HNR″X for a time sufficient to form the compound wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent of the formula HNR″X, R″ is a H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, etc. and T is a leaving group.

According to still another embodiment of the invention, methods of making pharmaceutical agents conjugated to fatty alcohols via guanidine linkages are provided. The method comprises reacting a fatty alcohol ROH with a guanylation agent such as 1,3-bis(tert-butoxy carbonyl)-2-methyl-2-thiopseudourea or 1,3-bis(tert-butoxy carbonyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine and reacting the resulting product with a pharmaceutical agent of the formula XOH for a time sufficient to form the compound wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of the fatty alcohol, and X is a pharmaceutical agent moiety of the pharmaceutical agent of the formula XOH.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, methods of making fatty alcohols conjugated to pharmaceutical agents via isourea linkages are provided. The method comprises adding an azido group to a fatty alcohol, reducing the azido group to an amino group, reacting the amino group with the 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate, and coupling the product to a pharmaceutical agent XNH₂ for a time sufficient to form the conjugate.

According to still another aspect of the invention, methods of making fatty alcohols conjugated to pharmaceutical agents via thionocarbamate linkages are provided. The method comprises treating a fatty alcohol with thiophosgene (or a similar reagent such as di-2-pyridyl thionocarbonate or di-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl thionocarbonate) fatty alkyl chlorothionoformate (or fatty alkyl 2-pyridyl thionocarbonate or fatty alkyl N-hydroxsuccinimidyl thionocarbonate). Treatment of any one of these activated intermediates furnishes the corresponding thionocarbamate conjugates, linking a pharmaceutical agent to a fatty alcohol.

According to still another aspect of the invention, methods of making fatty alcohols conjugated to pharmaceutical agents via phosphonate linkages are provided. The method comprises treating a pharmaceutical agent possessing a phosphonate group with either thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride to give the corresponding phosphonic dichloride intermediate. Treatment of this intermediate with either one or two equivalents of a fatty alcohol, furnishes the monophosphonate conjugate and bisphosphonate conjugate, respectively.

According to still another aspect of the invention, methods of making fatty alcohols conjugated to pharmaceutical agents via oxime linkages are provided. The method comprises converting a fatty alcohol to an O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine, then condensing the O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine with a ketone or aldehyde moiety of a pharmaceutical agent to firnish the (E) or (Z) oxime conjugate.

According to another aspect of the invention, a fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate in some embodiments is believed to be confined, unexpectedly, to the plasma space of a subject receiving such treatment, and that the conjugate has, surprisingly, (i) a smaller volume of distribution as compared to the unconjugated anticancer compound alone (in many instances ˜100 fold less), and (ii) a smaller clearance as compared to the unconjugated anticancer compound alone (in many instances ˜100 fold less). Moreover, it is believed that the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate may be present at a higher concentration in tumor cells as compared to the unconjugated anticancer compound.

Thus, a fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate composition for administration to a subject is provided. The composition includes at least one fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate in a container for administration to a subject. The amount of the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound in the container is at least about 10% greater than the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for the unconjugated at least one anticancer compound (based on the weight of the anticancer compound in the conjugate versus the weight of the anticancer compound itself, or calculated on a molar basis of the conjugate versus the unconjugated anticancer compound). Preferably the amount of the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound in the container is at least about 20% greater than the MTD, 30% greater than the MTD, 40% greater than the MTD, 50% greater than the MTD, 75% greater than the MTD, 100% greater than the MTD, 200% greater than the MTD, 300% greater than the MTD, or 400% greater than the MTD for the unconjugated at least one anticancer compound. In certain preferred embodiments, the container is a container for intravenous administration. In other embodiments, the anticancer compound is a taxane, preferably paclitaxel or docetaxel. In important embodiments, the conjugate is not encapsulated in a liposome.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a method for treating a subject having an abnormal mammalian proliferative disorder is provided. The method involves administering to the subject a fatty alcohol-taxane conjugate in an amount of the conjugate which is at least 250, 275, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350 or 1400 mg/meter² of body surface area (BSA). In one embodiment, the amount is administered to the subject over a period of 24 hours or less, 6 hours or less, 3 hours or less, or 2 hours or less. In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol has a C₈-C₂₆ fatty alcohol carbon structure. In important embodiments, the fatty alcohol has the carbon structure of a C₁₆-C₂₂ unbranched, naturally occurring fatty acid. In certain particularly preferred embodiments, the fatty alcohol has the same carbon structure as linoleic acid, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, 2-octanoate, 2-hexanoate, CH₃-hexanoate, CH₃-butanoate, or oleic acid. In preferred embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel. In important embodiments, when the taxane is paclitaxel, the fatty alcohol is conjugated at the 2′ OH position of paclitaxel.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the maximum tolerated dose can be determined according to procedures known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The Maximum Tolerated Doses of many compounds are already known. Some for known anticancer agents are listed below.

According to another aspect of the invention, a composition of matter is provided. The composition comprises a crystal of a conjugate of a polyunsaturated fatty alcohol and a drug. In preferred embodiments, the fatty alcohol has a carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₂ or C₁₆-C₂₂ fatty acid. In some embodiments the fatty alcohol has the carbon structure of a naturally-occurring, unbranched fatty acid. In certain embodiments, the fatty alcohol has the same carbon structure as the carbon structure of linoleic acid, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, 2-octanoate, 2-hexanoate, CH₃-hexanoate, CH₃-butanoate, or oleic acid.

In any of the foregoing embodiments, the drug can be among those listed below. The drug must contain a site (reactive group) amenable for conjugation to a fatty alcohol or to a fatty alcohol derivative as described herein. Chemists of ordinary skill in the art can make such determinations. The anticancer compound can be a taxane. In certain embodiments, the taxane is paclitaxel. In important embodiments, when the taxane is paclitaxel, the fatty alcohol is conjugated at the 2′ OH position of paclitaxel.

The invention in another aspect provides compositions and formulations for administration to a subject, preferably a human subject, containing amounts of a fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate which exceeds the maximum tolerated dose for the unconjugated anticancer compound. The fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugate preferably is in a container for administration to a subject. Preferably the container is a container for intravenous administration, such as an IV bag.

The amount of the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound in the container is at least about 10% greater than the MTD for the unconjugated compound. Preferably the amount of the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound in the container is at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300% or 400% greater than the MTD for the unconjugated at least one anticancer compound. The anticancer compound is preferably a taxane, particularly paclitaxel or docetaxel.

Although the conjugate may be encapsulated in a liposome, it is preferred that the conjugate is not encapsulated by a liposome in some embodiments. The preferred subjects for the method are humans.

The conjugated anticancer compounds described herein are less toxic and more effective than the corresponding unconjugated anticancer compounds. Therefore the fatty alcohol-anticancer compound conjugates can be administered in amounts which are equally toxic but more effective, or in doses which are equally effective and less toxic than the corresponding unconjugated anticancer compounds. In general, conjugation of fatty alcohol to anticancer compounds permits an increase in the maximum tolerated dose relative to unconjugated anticancer compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein relates to the preparation of fatty alcohol-pharmaceutical agent conjugates and methods of using the conjugates in the treatment of disease. The conjugates may be a direct conjugate between the fatty alcohol and the pharmaceutical agent, such as by an ester bond, or via a linkage such as a carbonate phosphate, carbamate, guanidine, thionocarbamate, isourea, or urea linkage. In certain embodiments the conjugate breaks apart in vivo into components that are naturally occurring or that are readily metabolized into molecules that are naturally occurring. This is a particularly desirable aspect of the invention.

The invention provides compositions of matter. The invention also provides intermediates formed in the process of making the compositions of matter. The invention also provides substantially pure crystals of a conjugate of a fatty alcohol and a pharmaceutical agent. The invention also encompasses methods of preparing and conjugating the fatty alcohols and pharmaceutical agents. Examples of processes of making compositions of matter, and the intermediates in the process, which are not intended to be limiting is, for example, the synthesis of etopophos fatty alcohol phosphate ester (in the Examples). Several synthetic processes are described herein, although one of skill in the art will recognize that there may be other possible synthetic methods.

In the preparation of the compositions, fatty alcohols may be reacted with pharmaceutical agents to produce conjugates. As used herein, “reacting” a fatty alcohol (or a fatty alcohol intermediate) with a pharmaceutical agent means the fatty alcohol and the pharmaceutical agent are contacted under appropriate conditions for a time sufficient to result in the covalent conjugation of the pharmaceutical agent and the fatty alcohol (or the fatty alcohol intermediate). Such conditions encompass standard chemistry methods, which may be determined by one of skill in the art.

In the preparation of the compositions, certain of the reactants may have leaving groups. As used herein, the term “leaving group” means a chemical moiety which is removed in the course of the reaction and does not form part of the conjugate. Leaving groups are well known in the art. Thus, one of ordinary skill can select an appropriate leaving group with no more than routine skill.

Fatty alcohols are lipidic molecules that naturally occur in plants, and limited types have also been identified in cultured human cells, including hexadecanol (C16-0-OH) and octadecanol (18:0-OH). Fatty alcohols also can be synthesized, typically from fatty acids, natural or synthetic. Thus, fatty alcohols can have the same carbon structure of naturally occurring polyunsaturated fatty acids but have a terminal alcohol group instead of the terminal acid group of the fatty acids (i.e., are the alcohol form of polyunsaturated fatty acids). In some embodiments, the fatty alcohol preferably has the same carbon structure as a C₁₂-C₂₆ unbranched, naturally occurring fatty acid. In other embodiments, the fatty alcohol preferably has the same carbon structure as the carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₄ and unbranched naturally occurring fatty acids. In other words, the fatty alcohol may have 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 carbon atoms.

Alternatively, the fatty alcohol may have a carbon structure which is the same as that of an unnatural fatty acid. The carbon structure may have an even or odd amount of carbons, (E) or (Z) stereochemistry about each double bond, and encompasses isomers of naturally occurring fatty moieties of naturally occurring fatty acids, formed by, for example, differing placement of the double bonds throughout the carbon chain. It will be obvious to those of skill in the art that various isomers of the fatty alcohols and fatty acids described are included. For example, there are several isomers of linoleic acid, which differ in the placement of the double bonds.

Carbon structures of fatty alcohols useful in the present invention include carbon structures of the following fatty acids: octanoic (caprylic); nonanoic (pelargonic); decanoic (capric); undecanoic (hendecanoic); dodecanoic (lauric); tridecanoic; tetradecanoic (myristic); pentadecanoic; hexadecanoic (pamitic); heptadecanoic (margaric); octadecanoic (stearic); 12-hydroxy stearic; nonadecanoic; eicosanoic (arachidic); heneicosanoic; docosanoic (behenic); tricosanoic; tetracosanoic (lignoceric).

Other carbon structures of fatty alcohols useful in the present invention include carbon structures of the following fatty acids: 10-undecenoic (hendecenoic); 11-dodecenoic; 12-tridecenoic; 9-tetradecenoic (myristoleic); 9-trans-tetradecenoic (myristelaidic); 10-pentadecenoic; 10-trans-pentadecenoic; 9-hexadecenoic (palmitoleic); 8-trans-hexadecenoic (palmitelaidic); 10-heptadecenoic; 10-trans-heptadecenoic; 6-octadecenoic (petroselinic); 6-trans-octadecenoic (petroselaidic); 8-octadecenoic (oleic); 9-11-octadecenoic (vaccenic); 11-trans-octadecenoic (transvaccenic); 9-cis-12 hydroxy-octadecenoic (ricinoleic); 9-trans-12-hydroxy-octadecenois (ricinelaidic); 7-nonadecenoic; 7-trans-nonadecenoic; 10-nonadecenoic; 10-trans-nonadecenoic; 10-13-nonadecadienoic; 10-13-trans-nona-decadienoic; 8-12-octadecadienoic (linoleic); 9-trans-12-trans octadecadienoic (linoelaidic); octadecadienoic (conjugaged); 9-12-15-octadecatrienoic (linolenic); 6-9-12-octadecatrienoic (gamma linolenic); 11-trans-eicosenoic; 8-eicosenoic; 11-eicosenoic; 5-eicosenoic; 11-14-eicosadienoic; 8-11-14-eicosatrienoic (homogamma linolenic); 11-14-17-eicosatrienoic; 5-8-11-14-eicosatetraenoic (arachidonic); 5-8-11-14-17-eicosapentaenoic; 7-10-13-16-19-docosapentaenoic; arachidonic; 13-docosenoic (erucic); 13-transdocosenoic (brassidic); 13-16-docosadienoic; 13-16-19-docosatrienoic; 7-10-13-16-docosatetraenoic; 4-7-10-13-16-19-docosahexaenoic (DHA); 12-heneicosenoic; 12-15-heneicosadienoic; 14-tricosenoic; 15-tetracosenoic (nervonic).

In certain important embodiments, the carbon structure of fatty alcohol can be the same as the carbon structure of: linoleic acid, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, 2-octanoate, 2-hexanoate, CH₃-hexanoate, CH₃-butanoate, or oleic acid. In particularly preferred embodiments, the fatty alcohol has the same carbon structure as: linoleic acid, palmitic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid.

Some fatty alcohols are naturally occurring and may therefore be obtained from natural sources. Other fatty alcohols can be made by converting fatty acids to fatty alcohols using standard methods, which are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, fatty alcohols can be synthesized from fatty acids by forming the corresponding fatty acid methyl ester and then reducing the ester with NaBH₄, LiAlH₄, or another reducing agent.

The methods and/or products of the invention are useful for treating a variety of medical conditions. The conditions will be apparent from the list of drugs below. Among the conditions are abnormal mammalian-cell proliferation, psychosis, infectious disease, cardiovascular conditions, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. One important embodiment is conditions involving abnormal mammalian cell proliferation. The methods and/or products of the invention may be useful for treating cancers including, but not limited to, biliary tract cancer; bladder cancer; brain cancer including glioblastomas and medulloblastomas; breast cancer; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma; colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; gastric cancer; hematological neoplasms including acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia; multiple myeloma; AIDS-associated leukemias and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma; intraepithelial neoplasms including Bowen's disease and Paget's disease; liver cancer; lung cancer; lymphomas including Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas; neuroblastomas; oral cancer including squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian cancer including those arising from epithelial cells, stromal cells, germ cells and mesenchymal cells; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; sarcomas including leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma; skin cancer including melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, basocellular cancer, and squamous cell cancer; testicular cancer including germinal tumors such as seminoma, non-seminoma (teratomas, choriocarcinomas), stromal tumors, and germ cell tumors; thyroid cancer including thyroid adenocarcinoma and medullar carcinoma; and renal cancer including adenocarcinoma and Wilms tumor.

The products and/or methods of the invention are useful, in general, for treating mammalian cell proliferative disorders other than cancer including psoriasis, actinic keratosis, etc. They further are useful in treating diabetes and its complications, excess acid secretion, cardiovascular conditions involving cholesterol (e.g., hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia), diarrhea, ovarian diseases (e.g. endometriosis, ovarian cysts, etc.) and as contraceptive agents. Other conditions treatable according to the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art based upon the disclosure and lists of compounds provided.

The methods and/or products of the invention also are useful in treating conditions specific to central nervous system tissue and noncentral nervous system tissue. Such conditions can be specific to breast tissue, gastrointestinal tissue and ovarian tissue. The tissue also may be other noncentral nervous system tissues. Noncentral nervous system tissue includes tissues of the blood and blood forming system: including platelets, blood vessel wall, and bone marrow; cardiovascular system: including heart and vascular system; digestive and excretory system: including alimentary tract, biliary tract, kidney, liver, pancreas and urinary tract; endocrine system: including adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, pituitary gland, renal gland, salivary gland, sebaceous gland, testis, thymus gland and thyroid gland; muscular system: including muscles that move the body; reproductive system: including breast, ovary, penis and uterus; respiratory system: including bronchus, lung and trachea; skeletal system: including bones and joints; tissue, fiber, and integumentary system: including adipose tissue, cartilage, connective tissue, cuticle, dermis, epidermis, epithelium, fascia, hair follicle, ligament, bone marrow, melanin, melanocyte, mucous membrane, skin, soft tissue, synovial capsule and tendon.

A pharmaceutical agent, according to this aspect of the invention can be any drug that can form a conjugate with a fatty alcohol or a fatty alcohol intermediate according to the invention. Preferably, the drug has free groups reactive with a free alcohol of the fatty alcohol or the reactive group of one of the intermediates of the invention. More preferably, the drug has a free —OH (hydroxyl group), —NH₂ (primary amino group), —NHR′ (secondary amino group wherein R′ is alkyl, aryl, etc.), —SH (thio group) or —CO₂H (carboxylic acid) group.

A pharmaceutical agent moiety, according to the invention, is a pharmaceutical agent that has lost a hydrogen, in the case of, for example, an —OH, —NH₂, —NHR′, or —CO₂H group.

As used herein, pharmaceutical agents may be selected from, but are not limited to, the following agents: adrenergic agent; adrenocortical steroid; adrenocortical suppressant; alcohol deterrent; aldosterone antagonist; amino acid; ammonia detoxicant; anabolic; analeptic; analgesic; androgen; anesthesia; anesthetic; anorectic; antagonist; anterior pituitary suppressant; anthelmintic; anti-acne agent; anti-adrenergic; anti-allergic; anti-amebic; anti-androgen; anti-anemic; anti-anginal; anti-anxiety; anti-arthritic; anti-asthmatic; anti-atherosclerotic; antibacterial; anticholelithic; anticholelithogenic; anticholinergic; anticoagulant; anticoccidal; anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antidiabetic; antidiarrheal; antidiuretic; antidote; anti-emetic; anti-epileptic; anti-estrogen; antifibrinolytic; antifungal; antiglaucoma agent; antihemophilic; antihemorrhagic; antihistamine; antihyperlipidemia; antihyperlipoproteinemic; antihypertensive; antihypotensive; anti-infective; anti-infective, topical; anti-inflammatory; antikeratinizing agent; antimalarial; antimicrobial; antimigraine; antimitotic; antimycotic, antinauseant, antineoplastic, antineutropenic, antiobessional agent; antiparasitic; antiparkinsonian; antiperistaltic, antipneumocystic; antiproliferative; antiprostatic hypertrophy; antiprotozoal; antipruritic; antipsychotic; antirheumatic; antischistosomal; antiseborrheic; antisecretory; antispasmodic; antithrombotic; antitussive; anti-ulcerative; anti-urolithic; antiviral; appetite suppressant; benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agent; blood glucose regulator; bone resorption inhibitor; bronchodilator; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; cardiac depressant; cardioprotectant; cardiotonic; cardiovascular agent; choleretic; cholinergic; cholinergic agonist; cholinesterase deactivator; coccidiostat; cognition adjuvant; cognition enhancer; depressant; diagnostic aid; diuretic; dopaminergic agent; ectoparasiticide; emetic; enzyme inhibitor; estrogen; fibrinolytic; fluorescent agent; free oxygen radical scavenger; gastrointestinal motility effector; glucocorticoid; gonad-stimulating principle; hair growth stimulant; hemostatic; histamine H2 receptor antagonists; hormone; hypocholesterolemic; hypoglycemic; hypolipidemic; hypotensive; imaging agent; immunizing agent; immunomodulator; immunoregulator; immunostimulant; immunosuppressant; impotence therapy adjunct; inhibitor; keratolytic; LNRH agonist; liver disorder treatment; luteolysin; memory adjuvant; mental performance enhancer; mood regulator; mucolytic; mucosal protective agent; mydriatic; nasal decongestant; neuromuscular blocking agent; neuroprotective; NMDA antagonist; non-hormonal sterol derivative; oxytocic; plasminogen activator; platelet activating factor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor; post-stroke and post-head trauma treatment; potentiator; progestin; prostaglandin; prostate growth inhibitor; prothyrotropin; psychotropic; pulmonary surface; radioactive agent; regulator; relaxant; repartitioning agent; scabicide; sclerosing agent; sedative; sedative-hypnotic; selective adenosine A1 antagonist; serotonin antagonist; serotonin inhibitor; serotonin receptor antagonist; steroid; stimulant; suppressant; agent for treatment of symptomatic multiple sclerosis; synergist; thyroid hormone; thyroid inhibitor; thyromimetic; tranquilizer; agent for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; agent for treatment of cerebral ischemia; agent for treatment of Paget's disease; agent for treatment of unstable angina; uricosuric; vasoconstrictor; vasodilator; vulnerary; wound healing agent; and xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Lists of compounds in each of these categories can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,909, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Among preferred groups of drugs are anticancer agents, antiinfectives including and antibacterials and antivirals, and neurological agents including antipsychotics. Anticancer agents, antivirals, antipsychotics; and preferred anticancer agents, preferred antivirals, and preferred antipsychotics are as described below.

Antiinfectives include, but are not limited to, Difloxacin Hydrochloride; Lauryl Isoquinolinium Bromide; Moxalactam Disodium; Ornidazole; Pentisomicin; Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride; Protease inhibitors of HIV and other retroviruses; Integrase Inhibitors of HIV and other retroviruses; Cefaclor (Ceclor); Acyclovir (Zovirax); Norfloxacin (Noroxin); Cefoxitin (Mefoxin); Cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin); Ciprofloxacin (Cipro); Aminacrine Hydrochloride; Benzethonium Chloride; Bithionolate Sodium; Bromchlorenone; Carbamide Peroxide; Cetalkonium Chloride; Cetylpyridinium Chloride: Chlorhexidine Hydrochloride; Clioquinol; Domiphen Bromide; Fenticlor; Fludazonium Chloride; Fuchsin, Basic; Furazolidone; Gentian Violet; Halquinols; Hexachlorophene: Hydrogen Peroxide; Ichthammol; Imidecyl Iodine; Iodine; Isopropyl Alcohol; Mafenide Acetate; Meralein Sodium; Mercufenol Chloride; Mercury, Ammoniated; Methylbenzethonium Chloride; Nitrofurazone; Nitromersol; Octenidine Hydrochloride; Oxychlorosene; Oxychlorosene Sodium; Parachlorophenol, Camphorated; Potassium Permanganate; Povidone-Iodine; Sepazonium Chloride; Silver Nitrate; Sulfadiazine, Silver; Symclosene; Thimerfonate Sodium; Thimerosal; Troclosene Potassium.

Antibacterials include, but are not limited to, Acedapsone; Acetosulfone Sodium; Alamecin; Alexidine; Amdinocillin; Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Amicycline; Amifloxacin; Amifloxacin Mesylate; Amikacin; Amikacin Sulfate; Aminosalicylic acid; Aminosalicylate sodium; Amoxicillin; Amphomycin; Ampicillin; Ampicillin Sodium; Apalcillin Sodium; Apramycin; Aspartocin; Astromicin Sulfate; Avilamycin; Avoparcin; Azithromycin; Azlocillin; Azlocillin Sodium; Bacampicillin Hydrochloride; Bacitracin; Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate; Bacitracin Zinc; Bambermycins; Benzoylpas Calcium; Berythromycin; Betamicin Sulfate; Biapenem; Biniramycin; Biphenamine Hydrochloride; Bispyrithione Magsulfex; Butikacin; Butirosin Sulfate; Capreomycin Sulfate; Carbadox; Carbenicillin Disodium; Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Phenyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Potassium; Carumonam Sodium; Cefaclor; Cefadroxil; Cefamandole; Cefamandole Nafate; Cefamandole Sodium; Cefaparole; Cefatrizine; Cefazaflur Sodium; Cefazolin; Cefazolin Sodium; Cefbuperazone; Cefdinir; Cefepime; Cefepime Hydrochloride; Cefetecol; Cefixime; Cefinenoxime Hydrochloride; Cefinetazole; Cefinetazole Sodium; Cefonicid Monosodium; Cefonicid Sodium; Cefoperazone Sodium; Ceforanide; Cefotaxime Sodium; Cefotetan; Cefotetan Disodium; Cefotiam Hydrochloride; Cefoxitin; Cefoxitin Sodium; Cefpimizole; Cefpimizole Sodium; Cefpiramide; Cefpiramide Sodium; Cefpirome Sulfate; Cefpodoxime Proxetil; Cefprozil; Cefroxadine; Cefsulodin Sodium; Ceftazidime; Ceftibuten; Ceftizoxime Sodium; Ceftriaxone Sodium; Cefuroxime; Cefuroxime Axetil; Cefuroxime Pivoxetil; Cefuroxime Sodium; Cephacetrile Sodium; Cephalexin; Cephalexin Hydrochloride; Cephaloglycin; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin Sodium; Cephapirin Sodium; Cephradine; Cetocycline Hydrochloride; Cetophenicol; Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol Palmitate; Chloramphenicol Pantothenate Complex; Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate; Chlorhexidine Phosphanilate; Chloroxylenol; Chlortetracycline Bisulfate; Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride; Cinoxacin; Ciprofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride; Cirolemycin; Clarithromycin; Clinafloxacin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin; Clindamycin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Palmitate Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Phosphate; Clofazimine; Cloxacillin Benzathine; Cloxacillin Sodium; Cloxyquin; Colistimethate Sodium; Colistin Sulfate; Coumermycin; Coumermycin Sodium; Cyclacillin; Cycloserine; Dalfopristin; Dapsone; Daptomycin; Demeclocycline; Demeclocycline Hydrochloride; Demecycline; Denofuigin; Diaveridine; Dicloxacillin; Dicloxacillin Sodium; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Dipyrithione; Dirithromycin; Doxycycline; Doxycycline Calcium; Doxycycline Fosfatex; Doxycycline Hyclate; Droxacin Sodium; Enoxacin; Epicillin; Epitetracycline Hydrochloride; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Acistrate; Erythromycin Estolate; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Erythromycin Gluceptate; Erythromycin Lactobionate; Erythromycin Propionate; Erythromycin Stearate; Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Ethionamide; Fleroxacin; Floxacillin; Fludalanine; Flumequine; Fosfomycin; Fosfomycin Tromethamine; Fumoxicillin; Furazolium Chloride; Furazolium Tartrate; Fusidate Sodium; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicin Sulfate; Gloximonam; Gramicidin; Haloprogin; Hetacillin; Hetacillin Potassium; Hexedine; Ibafloxacin; Imipenem; Isoconazole; Isepamicin; Isoniazid; Josamycin; Kanamycin Sulfate; Kitasamycin; Levofuraltadone; Levopropylcillin Potassium; Lexithromycin; Lincomycin; Lincomycin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin; Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin Mesylate; Loracarbef; Mafenide; Meclocycline; Meclocycline Sulfosalicylate; Megalomicin Potassium Phosphate; Mequidox; Meropenem; Methacycline; Methacycline Hydrochloride; Methenamine; Methenamine Hippurate; Methenamine Mandelate; Methicillin Sodium; Metioprim; Metronidazole Hydrochloride; Metronidazole Phosphate; Mezlocillin; Mezlocillin Sodium; Minocycline; Minocycline Hydrochloride; Mirincamycin Hydrochloride; Monensin; Monensin Sodium; Nafcillin Sodium; Nalidixate Sodium; Nalidixic Acid; Natamycin; Nebramycin; Neomycin Palmitate; Neomycin Sulfate; Neomycin Undecylenate; Netilmicin Sulfate; Neutramycin; Nifluradene; Nifluraldezone; Nifluratel; Nifluratrone; Niflurdazil; Niflirimide; Niflurpirinol; Nifurquinazol; Niflurthiazole; Nitrocycline; Nitrofurantoin; Nitromide; Norfloxacin; Novobiocin Sodium; Ofloxacin; Ormetoprim; Oxacillin Sodium; Oximonam; Oximonam Sodium; Oxolinic Acid; Oxytetracycline; Oxytetracycline Calcium; Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride; Paldimycin; Parachlorophenol; Paulomycin; Pefloxacin; Pefloxacin Mesylate; Penamecillin; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Potassium; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillin G Sodium; Penicillin V; Penicillin V Benzathine; Penicillin V Hydrabamine; Penicillin V Potassium; Pentizidone Sodium; Phenyl Aminosalicylate; Piperacillin Sodium; Pirbenicillin Sodium; Piridicillin Sodium; Pirlimycin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Pamoate; Pivampicillin Probenate; Polymyxin B Sulfate; Porfiromycin; Propikacin; Pyrazinamide; Pyrithione Zinc; Quindecamine Acetate; Quinupristin; Racephenicol; Ramoplanin; Ranimycin; Relomycin; Repromicin; Rifabutin; Rifametane; Rifamexil; Rifamide; Rifampin; Rifapentine; Rifaximin; Rolitetracycline; Rolitetracycline Nitrate; Rosaramicin; Rosaramicin Butyrate; Rosaramicin Propionate; Rosaramicin Sodium Phosphate; Rosaramicin Stearate; Rosoxacin; Roxarsone; Roxithromycin; Sancycline; Sanfetrinem Sodium; Sarmoxicillin; Sarpicillin; Scopafungin; Sisomicin; Sisomicin Sulfate; Sparfloxacin; Spectinomycin Hydrochloride; Spiramycin; Stallimycin Hydrochloride; Steffimycin; Streptomycin Sulfate; Streptonicozid; Sulfabenz; Sulfabenzamide; Sulfacetamide; Sulfacetamide Sodium; Sulfacytine; Sulfadiazine; Sulfadiazine Sodium; Sulfadoxine; Sulfalene; Sulfamerazine; Sulfameter; Sulfamethazine; Sulfamethizole; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfamonomethoxine; Sulfamoxole; Sulfanilate Zinc; Sulfanitran; Sulfasalazine; Sulfasomizole; Sulfathiazole; Sulfazamet; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfisoxazole Acetyl; Sulfisoxazole Diolamine; Sulfomyxin; Sulopenem; Sultamicillin; Suncillin Sodium; Talampicillin Hydrochloride; Teicoplanin; Temafloxacin Hydrochloride; Temocillin; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Hydrochloride; Tetracycline Phosphate Complex; Tetroxoprim; Thiamphenicol; Thiphencillin Potassium; Ticarcillin Cresyl Sodium; Ticarcillin Disodium; Ticarcillin Monosodium; Ticlatone; Tiodonium Chloride; Tobrarnycin; Tobramycin Sulfate; Tosufloxacin; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim Sulfate; Trisulfapyrimidines; Troleandomycin; Trospectomycin Sulfate; Tyrothricin; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Hydrochloride; Virginiamycin; and Zorbamycin.

The invention encompasses the preparation and use of fatty alcohol-anticancer pharmaceutical agents. The compounds useful in the invention may be delivered in the form of anticancer cocktails. An anticancer cocktail is a mixture of any one of the compounds useful with this invention with another anticancer agent such as an anticancer drug, a cytokine, and/or supplementary potentiating agent(s). The use of cocktails in the treatment of cancer is routine. In this embodiment, a common administration vehicle (e.g., pill, tablet, implant, injectable solution, etc.) would contain both the fatty alcohol-anticancer pharmaceutical conjugate useful in this invention and/or supplementary potentiating agent.

Anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, Antineoplastic agents such as: Acivicin; Aclarubicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Adriamycin; Aldesleukin; Alitretinoin; Allopurinol Sodium; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Aminoglutethimide; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Annonaceous Acetogenins; Anthramycin; Asimicin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine; Azetepa; Azotomycin; Batimastat; Benzodepa; Bexarotene; Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride; Bisnafide Dimesylate; Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate; Brequinar Sodium; Bropirimine; Bullatacin; Busulfan; Cabergoline; Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefingol; Celecoxib; Chlorambucil; Cirolemycin; Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Dacarbazine; DACA (N-[2-(Dimethyl-amino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide); Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin Hydrochloride; Daunomycin; Decitabine; Denileukin Diftitox; Dexormaplatin; Dezaguanine; Dezaguanine Mesylate; Diaziquone; Docetaxel; Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; Droloxifene; Droloxifene Citrate; Dromostanolone Propionate; Duazomycin; Edatrexate; Eflomithine Hydrochloride; Elsamitrucin; Enloplatin; Enpromate; Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride; Estramustine; Estramustine Phosphate Sodium; Etanidazole; Ethiodized Oil I 131; Etoposide; Etoposide Phosphate; Etoprine; Fadrozole Hydrochloride; Fazarabine; Fenretinide; Floxuridine; Fludarabine Phosphate; Fluorouracil; 5-FdUMP; Fluorocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; FK-317; FK-973; FR-66979; FR-900482; Gemcitabine; Gemcitabine Hydrochloride; Gemtuzumab Ozogarnicin; Gold Au 198; Goserelin Acetate; Guanacone; Hydroxyurea; Idarubicin Hydrochloride; Ifosfamide; Ilmofosine; Interferon Alfa-2a; Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfa-n1; Interferon Alfa-n3; Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b; Iproplatin; Irinotecan Hydrochloride; Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole; Leuprolide Acetate; Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium; Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol; Maytansine; Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate; Melengestrol Acetate; Melphalan; Menogaril; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Methotrexate Sodium; Methoxsalen; Metoprine; Meturedepa; Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin; Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mytomycin C; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride; Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamycin; Oprelvekin; Ormaplatin; Oxisuran; Paclitaxel; Pamidronate Disodium; Pegaspargase; Peliomycin; Pentamustine; Peplomycin Sulfate; Perfosfamide; Pipobroman; Piposulfan; Piroxantrone Hydrochloride; Plicamycin; Plomestane; Porfimer Sodium; Porfiromycin; Prednimustine; Procarbazine Hydrochloride; Puromycin; Puromycin Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprine; Rituximab; Rogletimide; Rolliniastatin; Safingol; Safingol Hydrochloride; Samarium/Lexidronam; Semustine; 7-hydroxystaurosporine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium; Sparsomycin; Spirogermanium Hydrochloride; Spiromustine; Spiroplatin; Squamocin; Squamotacin; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin; Strontium Chloride Sr 89; Sulofenur; Talisomycin; Taxane; Taxoid; Tecogalan Sodium; Tegafur; Teloxantrone Hydrochloride; Temoporfin; Teniposide; Teroxirone; Testolactone; Thiamiprine; Thioguanine; Thiotepa; Thymitaq; Tiazoflurin; Tirapazamine; Tomudex; TOP-53; Topotecan Hydrochloride; Toremifene Citrate; Trastuzumab; Trestolone Acetate; Triciribine Phosphate; Trimetrexate; Trimetrexate Glucuronate; Triptorelin; Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil Mustard; Uredepa; Valrubicin; Vapreotide; Verteporfin; Vinblastine; Vinblastine Sulfate; Vincristine; Vincristine Sulfate; Vindesine; Vindesine Sulfate; Vinepidine Sulfate; Vinglycinate Sulfate; Vinleurosine Sulfate; Vinorelbine Tartrate; Vinrosidine Sulfate; Vinzolidine Sulfate; Vorozole; Zeniplatin; Zinostatin; Zorubicin Hydrochloride; 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine; 2′-Deoxyformycin; 9-aminocamptothecin; raltitrexed; N-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid; 2-chloro-2′-arabino-fluoro-2′-deoxyadenosine; 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine; anisomycin; trichostatin A; hPRL-G129R; CEP-751; linomide; sulfur mustard; nitrogen mustard (mechlor ethamine); cyclophosphamide; melphalan; chlorambucil; ifosfamide; busulfan; N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU); N,N′-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU); N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (CCNU); N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (MeCCNU); N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(diethyl)ethylphosphonate-N-nitrosourea (fotemustine); streptozotocin; diacarbazine (DTIC); mitozolomide; temozolomide; thiotepa; mitomycin C; AZQ; adozelesin; Cisplatin; Carboplatin; Ormaplatin; Oxaliplatin; C1-973; DWA 2114R; JM216; JM335; Bis (platinum); tomudex; azacitidine; cytarabine; gemcitabine; 6-Mercaptopurine; 6-Thioguanine; Hypoxanthine; teniposide; 9-amino camptothecin; Topotecan; CPT-11; Doxorubicin; Daunomycin; Epirubicin; darubicin; mitoxantrone; losoxantrone; Dactinomycin (Actinomycin D); amsacrine; pyrazoloacridine; all-trans retinol; 14-hydroxy-retro-retinol; all-trans retinoic acid; N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide; 13-cis retinoic acid; 3-Methyl TTNEB; 9-cis retinoic acid; fludarabine (2-F-ara-AMP); and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-Cda).

Other anti-neoplastic compounds include, but are not limited to, 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bleomycin A2; bleomycin B₂; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives (e.g., 10-hydroxy-camptothecin); canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorins; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; 2′deoxycoformycin (DCF); deslorelin; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; dihydrotaxol, 9-; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; discodermolide; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflomithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epothilones (A, R═H; B, R=Me); epithilones; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide; etoposide 4′-phosphate (etopofos); exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; flgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; homoharringtonine (HHT); hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; ipomeanol, 4-; irinotecan; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mithracin; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1′-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; podophyllotoxin; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thalidomide; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene dichloride; topotecan; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer.

Other anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, antiproliferative agents (e.g., Piritrexim Isothionate), antiprostatic hypertrophy agents (e.g., Sitogluside), benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agents: (e.g., Tamsulosin Hydrochloride), Prostate growth inhibitors (e.g., Pentomone) and radioactive agents: Fibrinogen I 125; Fludeoxyglucose F 18; Fluorodopa F 18; Insulin I 125; Insulin I 131; Iobenguane I 123; Iodipamide Sodium I 131; Iodoantipyrine I 131; Iodocholesterol I 131; Iodohippurate Sodium I 123; Iodohippurate Sodium I 125; Iodohippurate Sodium I 131; Iodopyracet I 125; Iodopyracet I 131; Iofetamine Hydrochloride I 123; Iomethin I 125; lomethin I 131; Iothalamate Sodium I 125; Iothalamate Sodium I 131; lotyrosine I 131; Liothyronine I 125; Liothyronine I 131; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 197; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 203; Merisoprol Hg 197; Selenomethionine Se 75; Technetium Tc 99m Antimony Trisulfide Colloid; Technetium Tc 99m Bicisate; Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Etidronate; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; Technetium Tc 99m Furifosmin; Technetium Tc 99m Gluceptate; Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Mebrofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate Disodium; Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide; Technetium Tc 99m Oxidronate; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate Calcium Trisodium; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; Technetium Tc 99m Siboroxime; Technetium Tc 99m Succimer; Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; Technetium Tc 99m Teboroxime; Technetium Tc 99m Tetrofosmin; Technetium Tc 99m Tiatide; Thyroxine I 125; Thyroxine I 131; Tolpovidone I 131; Triolein I 125; and Triolein I 131.

Anticancer Supplementary Potentiating Agents also may be conjugated to fatty alcohol moieties. Such agents include, but are not limited to, Tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., imipramine, desipramine, amitryptyline, clomipramine, trimipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline, protriptyline, amoxapine and maprotiline); non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., sertraline, trazodone and citalopram); Ca⁺⁺ antagonists (e.g., verapamil, nifedipine, nitrendipine and caroverine); Calmodulin inhibitors (e.g., prenylamine, trifluoroperazine and clomipramine); Amphotericin B; Triparanol analogues (e.g., tamoxifen); antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., quinidine); antihypertensive drugs (e.g., reserpine); Thiol depleters (e.g., buthionine and sulfoximine) and Multiple Drug Resistance reducing agents such as Cremaphor EL. The compounds of the invention also can be administered with cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor.

Preferred anticancer agents (some with their MTDs shown in parentheses) include, but are not limited to, annonaceous acetogenins; asimicin; rolliniastatin; guanacone, squamocin, bullatacin; squamotacin; taxanes; paclitaxel (225 mg/m²); gemcitabine (1000 mg/m²); methotrexate (15 gM/m² i.v.+leuco. <500 mg/m² i.v. w/o leuco); FR-900482; FK-973; 3, FR-66979; FK-317; 5-FU (500 mg/m²/day×5 days); FUDR (100 mg/kg×5 in mice, 0.6 mg/kg/day in human i.a.); FdUMP; Hydroxyurca (35 mg/kg/d in man); Docetaxel (60-100 mg/m²); discodermolide; epothilones; vincristine (1.4 mg/m²); vinblastine (escalating: 3.3-11.1 mg/m², or rarely to 18.5 mg/m²); vinorelbine (30 mg/m²/wk); meta-pac; irinotecan (50-150 mg/m², 1×/wk depending on patient response); SN-38 (˜100 times more potent than Irinotecan); 10-OH campto; topotecan (1.5 mg/m²/day in humans, 1×iv LD10 mice=75 mg/m²); etoposide (100 mg/m² in man); adriamycin; flavopiridol; Cis-Pt (100 mg/m² in man); carbo-Pt (360 mg/m² in man); bleomycin (20 mg/m²); mitomycin C (20 mg/m²); mithramycin (30 μg/kg); capecitabine (2.5 g/m² orally); cytarabine (100 mg/m²/day); 2-Cl-2′deoxyadenosine; Fludarabine-PO₄ (25 mg/m²/day,×5 days); mitoxantrone (12-14 mg/m²); mitozolomide (>400 mg/m²); Pentostatin; and Tomudex.

Taxanes are particularly preferred pharmaceutical agents. As used herein, a taxane is a molecule that possesses the following tricyclic (A, B, and C) carbon-atom connectivity network:

shown with optional methyl groups and may incorporate carbon-carbon multiple bonds, substituents, functional groups, and additional rings. Taxanes are conventially numbered as shown above.

A taxoid is a molecule structurally related to a taxane in which the above taxane carbon-atom connectivity network is altered, for example, by cleavage of one or more of the carbocyclic rings, by deletion or addition of carbon substituents, by connection of carbon atoms normally not bonded to each other, by disconnection of carbon atoms normally bonded to each other, or by some other reorganization of or adjustment to the taxane carbon-atom connectivity network, but in which one or more structural features characteristic of the taxane carbon-atom connectivity network are conserved.

Paclitaxel and docetaxel are both taxanes and are preferred anticancer pharmaceutical agents in the invention. Another preferred pharmaceutical agent useful in the present invention includes flavopiridol, which is not a taxane anticancer pharmaceutical agent.

As used herein, “annonaceous acetogenin” includes inhibitors of the enzyme NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, including, but not limited to: asimicin (CAS Reg. No. 102989-24-2), rolliniastatin asimicin (CAS Reg. No. 157966-79-5), guanacone (CAS Reg. No. 212616-61-0), squamocin asimicin (CAS Reg. No. 120298-30-8), bullatacin asimicin (CAS Reg. No. 123123-32-0), and squamotacin asimicin (CAS Reg. No. 174158-66-8).

As used herein the mitomycins are a family of compounds that are highly potent DNA cross-linking agents, and include, but are not limited to: mytomycin C, FR-66979, FR-900482, FK-973, and FK-317.

The conjugates of the invention are administered in effective amounts to a subject in need of treatment with the pharmaceutical agents. Such subjects and such amounts can be determined by those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, a subject in need of antiproliferative treatment includes subjects diagnosed with a mammalian proliferative disorder (e.g. cancer) or being suspected of having, developing or suspected of developing a mammalian proliferative disorder. Methods for identifying subject suspected of having proliferative disease may include physical examination, biopsy, subject's family medical history, subject's medical history, or a number of imaging technologies such as mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, or positron emission tomography. Diagnostic methods for proliferative disease and the clinical delineation of proliferative diseases are well-known to those of skill in the medical arts.

An effective amount means that amount necessary to delay the onset of, inhibit the progression of, halt altogether the onset or progression of or diagnose the particular condition being treated. For example, an effective amount for treating cancer will be that amount necessary to inhibit altogether, delay, or slow mammalian cancer cell proliferation in situ.

When administered to a subject, effective amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated; the severity of the condition; individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight; concurrent treatment; frequency of treatment; and the mode of administration. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is preferred generally that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment.

The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for any therapeutic compound is identified as part of its clinical evaluation. For example, phase I trials can include a determination of the maximum tolerated dose, dose limiting toxicities (DLT) and pharmacokinetics of a test compound. “Maximum tolerated dose,” as used herein, refers to the largest dose of a pharmaceutical agent that an adult patient can take with safety to treat a particular disease or condition. Thus, the MTD for any Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved therapeutic compound is known to those of ordinary skill in the art as a matter of the public record. The MTD for any particular therapeutic compound may vary according to its formulation (e.g., injectable formulation, implantable bioerodible polymer formulation, oral formulation), route of delivery (e.g., intravenous, oral, intratumoral), manner of delivery (e.g., infusion, bolus injection), dosing schedule (e.g., hourly, daily, weekly) and the like. The MTD frequently is defined as the highest dose level at which 50% of subjects administered with the drug develop a dose limiting toxicity. The doses for anti-neoplastic pharmaceutical agents found in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) are defined as the MTD for those agents. The MTD is further defined to include only doses for drugs (including anti-neoplastics) used as single agents and without additional cellular, genetic, pharmaceutical, or other agents added to alter the MTD. Other definitions which are clinically relevant and generally accepted will be known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Measurement of maximum tolerated dose may be expressed as weight of drug per weight of subject, weight of drug per body surface area, etc. The MTD of anticancer compounds is frequently expressed as weight per square meters (mg/m²) of body surface area. For example, the MTD for paclitaxel infusion in humans is 225 mg/m². The most often used clinical tolerated dose is 175 mg/m². MTD also may be expressed as a dose relative to a time component, such as weight of drug per body surface area per day.

For therapeutics which have not yet been subjected to human clinical trials, or subjected to any determination of the MTD in humans (e.g., experimental or highly toxic compounds), one of skill in the art can estimate the MTD by using animal models. Calculation of MTD in animals may be based on a number of physiological parameters, such as death, particular toxicities, drug induced weight loss, etc. Using death as an endpoint, the MTD may be the dose given test animals in which each member of the test group survived. Using toxicity as an endpoint, the MTD may be the dose at which moderate but not severe toxicity is observed. Using weight loss as an endpoint, the MTD may be the dose above which a certain percent change in body weight is induced. Other methods for determining MTDs using animal models and various endpoints are known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Correlation of animal MTDs to human MTDs for a therapeutic compound is an accepted practice in the pharmaceutical arts.

For example, it has been determined that a conjugate of DHA and paclitaxel (Taxoprexin™) has a maximum tolerated dose in animals (mice, rats and dogs) which is about 4-5 times greater (by weight) than paclitaxel alone or about 3-4 times greater (by molarity) than paclitaxel alone.

In one aspect of the invention the subjects have a need for treatment with an antiviral agent. One of ordinary skill in the art is familiar with a variety of antiviral agents which are used in the medical arts to treat viral infections. Another category of pharmaceutical agents useful in the present invention is antiviral agents. Antiviral agents include, but are not limited to, nucleoside analogs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, including, for example, the following: Acemannan; Acyclovir; Acyclovir Sodium; Adefovir; Alovudine; Alvircept Sudotox; Amantadine Hydrochloride; Aranotin; Arildone; Atevirdine Mesylate; Avridine; BRL 47923; BRL 44385; Cidofovir; Cipamfylline; Cytarabine Hydrochloride; Delavirdine Mesylate; Desciclovir; Didanosine; Disoxaril; Edoxudine; Enviradene; Enviroxime; Famciclovir; Famotine Hydrochloride; Fiacitabine; Fialuridine; Fosarilate; Foscamet Sodium; Fosfonet Sodium; Ganciclovir; Ganciclovir Sodium; Idoxuridine; Indinavir; Kethoxal; Lamivudine; Lobucavir; Memotine Hydrochloride; Methisazone; Nelfinavir; Nevirapine; Penciclovir; Pirodavir; Ribavirin; Rimantadine Hydrochloride; Ritonavir; Saquinavir Mesylate; Somantadine Hydrochloride; Sorivudine; Statolon; Stavudine; Tilorone Hydrochloride; Trifluridine; Valacyclovir Hydrochloride; Vidarabine; Vidarabine Phosphate; Vidarabine Sodium Phosphate; Viroxime; Zalcitabine; Zidovudine; Zinviroxime, integrase inhibitors, TMC-125, and TMC-114, valganciclovir; fomivirsen; zanamivir; oseltamivir; rimantidine; adefovir dipivoxil; tenofovir; tenofovir disoproxil;viramidine; 3-deazaneplanocin A; neplanocin A; saquanivir; maribavir; N-methanocarbathymidine; fusaric acid; synguanol; glycyrrhyzic acid; fludaribine; entecavir; MIV-210. Adefovir, cidofovir, BRL 47923, and BRL 44385 are particularly important pharmaceutical agents.

The invention thus is used in connection with treating subjects having, suspected of having, developing or suspected of developing a viral infection, including, for example, a retroviral infection such as HIV. A preferred antiviral agent useful in the present invention is adefovir. Adefovir, [9-(2-phosphonomethyoxylethyl)adenine (PMEA)] is a nucleotide analog that has been shown to be useful for, among other uses, as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

An effective amount in the case of a virus means that amount necessary to delay the onset of, inhibit the progression of or halt altogether the onset or progression of the viral infection. In particular embodiments, the infection is a retroviral infection, and most particularly an HIV infection. In general, an effective amount will be that amount necessary to inhibit the symptoms or physiological (e.g., immunological or viral) characteristics of the viral infection, any of which otherwise would have occurred in a subject experiencing a viral infection absent the treatment of the invention. Several parameters may be used to assess reduction of viral infection, including inhibited viral replication, a lessened decrease of CD4+ T cell counts, a stabilization of CD4+ T cell count or even an increased CD4+ T cell count, and/or an inhibited increase of viral load or even a decreased viral load, for example, as compared to pretreatment patient parameters, untreated patients or, in the case of treatment with cocktails, patients having a viral infection treated with antiviral agents alone (i.e. without the conjugate of the invention). These parameters can be monitored using standard diagnostic procedures including ELISA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR and RT-PCR), and flow cytometry.

In one aspect of the invention, subjects having a psychosis are treated. One of ordinary skill in the art is familiar with a variety of antipsychotic agents which are used in the medical arts to treat psychoses such as schizophrenia. Antipsychotic agents include, but are not limited to, Acetophenazine Maleate; Alentemol Hydrobromide; Alpertine; Azaperone; Batelapine Maleate; Benperidol; Benzindopyrine Hydrochloride; Brofoxine; Bromperidol; Bromperidol Decanoate; Butaclamol Hydrochloride; Butaperazine; Butaperazine Maleate; Carphenazine Maleate; Carvotroline Hydrochloride; Chlorpromazine; Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride; Chlorprothixene; Cinperene; Cintriamide; Clomacran Phosphate; Clopenthixol; Clopimozide; Clopipazan Mesylate; Cloroperone Hydrochloride; Clothiapine; Clothixamide Maleate; Clozapine; Cyclophenazine Hydrochloride; properidol; Etazolate Hydrochloride; Fenimide; Flucindole; Flumezapine; Fluphenazine Decanoate; Fluphenazine Enanthate; Fluphenazine Hydrochloride; Fluspiperone; Fluspirilene; Flutroline; Gevotrolinei Hydrochloride; Halopemide; Haloperidol; Haloperidol Decanoate; Iloperidone; Imidoline Hydrochloride; Lenperone; Mazapertine Succinate; Mesoridazine; Mesoridazine Besylate; Metiapine; Milenperone; Milipertine; Molindone Hydrochloride; Naranol Hydrochloride; Neflumozide Hydrochloride; Ocaperidone; Olanzapine; Oxiperomide; Penfluridol; Pentiapine Maleate; Perphenazine; Pimozide; Pinoxepin Hydrochloride; Pipamperone; Piperacetazine; Pipotiazine Palmitate; Piquindone Hydrochloride; Prochlorperazine Edisylate; Prochlorperazine Maleate; Promazine Hydrochloride; Quetiapine; Remoxipride; Remoxipride Hydrochloride; Risperidone; Rimcazole Hydrochloride; Seperidol Hydrochloride; Sertindol; Setoperone; Spiperone; Thioridazine; Thioridazine Hydrochloride; Thiothixene; Thiothixene Hydrochloride; Tioperidone Hydrochloride; Tiospirone Hydrochloride; Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride; Trifluperidol; Triflupromazine; Triflupromazine Hydrochloride; and Ziprasidone Hydrochloride.

Preferred antipsychotics include, but are not limited to, Lorazepam; chlordiazepoxide; clorazepate; diazepam; alprazolam; hydroxyzine; buspirone; venlafaxine; mephobarbital; meprobamate; doxepin; perphenazine; hydroxyzine pamoate; venlafaxine; mirtazapine; nefazodone; bupropion; phenelzine; tranylcypromine; citalopram; paraxefine; sertraline; amitrptyline; protriptyline; divalproex; clonazepam; clozapine; haloperidol; loxapine; molindone; thiothixene; pimozide; risperidone; quefiapine; thiothixen; olanzapine; quetiapine; prochlorperazine; mesoridazin; trifluoperazine; chlorpromazine; perphenazine; and fluvoxamine. Most preferred antipsychotics include: clozapine; venlafaxine; risperidone; quefiapine; thiothixen; and olanzapine.

An effective amount in the case of psychosis means that amount alone or with multiple doses, necessary to delay the onset of, inhibit completely or lessen the progression of or halt altogether the onset or progression of the psychotic condition such as schizophrenia. In general, an effective amount will be that amount necessary to inhibit either negative or positive symptoms of the psychotic condition, and preferably both negative and positive symptoms of the psychotic condition such as schizophrenia. The inhibition of the negative and/or positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be monitored by standard psychiatric evaluation of the subject over time. In addition, other physiological methods for monitoring the changes in brain function which accompany symptoms of schizophrenia also can be employed to monitor the inhibition of the symptoms. For example, the state of advancement of schizophrenia can be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (see, e.g., DeLisi et al., (Psychiatry Res. 74(3):129-140, 1997) or positron emission tomography (PET) (see, e.g., Sabri et al., Lancet 349:1735-1739, 1997; Andreasen et al., Lancet 349:1730-1734, 1997). When administered to a subject, effective amounts will depend, of course, on the particular condition being treated; the severity of the condition; individual patient parameters including age, physical condition, size and weight; concurrent treatment; frequency of treatment; and the mode of administration. These factors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and can be addressed with no more than routine experimentation. It is preferred generally that a maximum dose be used, that is, the highest safe dose according to sound medical judgment.

In general, dosage may be adjusted appropriately to achieve desired drug levels, locally or systemically. Generally, daily oral doses of conjugates will be from about 0.01 mg/kg per day to 11000 mg/kg per day, preferably 0.01 mg/kg per day to 10 mg/kg per day. It is expected that IV doses in the same range will be effective. In the event that the response in a subject is insufficient at such doses, even higher doses (or effective higher doses by a different, more localized delivery route) may be employed to the extent that patient tolerance permits. Continuous IV dosing over, for example 24 hours or multiple doses per day also are contemplated to achieve appropriate systemic levels of compounds.

Pharmaceutical preparations and compositions herein which contain anticancer, antiviral or antipsychotic compounds optionally can contain additional anticancer, antiviral or antipsychotic compounds respectively (i.e. cocktails). The foregoing preparations, formulations and compositions may be encapsulated by liposomes, according to standard procedures for preparation of liposomes, but preferably are not.

The compositions also can contain other components useful in formulating pharmaceutical preparations for administration to humans, including surfactants, solvents, preservatives, diluents, and the like, all of which are standard in the pharmaceutical arts.

Suitable surfactants for use with the present invention include nonionic agents, such as long-chain fatty acids and their water-insoluble derivatives. These include fatty alcohols such as lauryl cetyl and stearyl alcohol, glyceryl esters such as the naturally occurring mono-, di- and triglycerides, and fatty acid esters of fatty alcohols, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitan, sucrose and cholesterol. Also useful are compounds that are those that have polyoxyethylene groups added through an ether linkage with an alcohol group. Compounds that are particularly useful in the present invention include the polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene glycerol and steroidal esters. Particularly preferred surfactants are Cremophor® EL and Cremophor® EL-P, which are polyoxyethylated castor oil surfactants.

It is contemplated that other surfactants may be used to solubilize the compositions described herein. For example, it is contemplated that polysorbate 80, polysorbate 20, sodium laurate, sodium oleate, and sorbitan monooleate may be useful in certain embodiments of the present invention. Anionic surfactants may also be useful in the practice of the present invention. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, sodium cholate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium laurate, sodium oleate, and potassium laurate.

In certain embodiments, dehydrated ethanol is used as a solvent for the compositions described herein. In other embodiments, glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol are within the scope of the invention. Simple complex polyols may also be suitable solvents. Moreover, the use of non-dehydrated alcohols may also be suitable within the scope of the present invention. It is recognized that the determination of a solvent and its proper concentration to fully solubilize the conjugate, such as the fatty alcohol-anticancer, fatty alcohol-antiviral, and fatty alcohol-antipsychotic compositions is within the scope of a skilled artisan, and would not require undue experimentation.

When administered, the formulations of the invention are applied in pharmaceutically acceptable compositions. Such preparations may routinely contain salts, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. When used in medicine the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts may conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and are not excluded from the scope of the invention. Such pharmacologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, p-toluene sulfonic, tartaric, citric, methane sulfonic, formic, malonic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, and benzene sulfonic. Also, pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts.

Suitable buffering agents include: acetic acid and a salt (1-2% W/V); citric acid and a salt (1-3% W/V); and phosphoric acid and a salt (0.8-2% WN). Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride (0.003-0.03% W/V); chlorobutanol (0.3-0.9% W/V); parabens (0.01-0.25% W/V) and thimerosal (0.004-0.02% WIV).

The active compounds of the present invention may be a pharmaceutical composition having a therapeutically effective amount of a conjugate of the invention optionally included in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means one or more compatible solid or liquid filler, dilutants or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a human or other animal. The term “carrier” denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application. The components of the pharmaceutical compositions are capable of being commingled with the molecules of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.

Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile preparation of the conjugates of the invention. This preparation may be formulated according to known methods. Formulations for taxanes can be found in Chapter 9 of Taxol: Science and Applications, CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Boulevard, N.W., Boca Raton, Fla. 33431. In general, Taxol has been formulated as a 6 mg/ml cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil)/ethanol mixture, which is diluted to final volume with normal saline or 5% dextrose. A 15 mg/ml solution of taxotere has been formulated in polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitarmonooleate)/ethanol mixture, diluted with 5% dextrose.

The sterile preparation thus may be a sterile solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono or di-glycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. Carrier formulations suitable for oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, etc. can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.

A subject, as used herein, means humans, primates, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, and rodents.

A variety of administration routes are available. The particular mode selected will depend of course, upon the particular drug selected, the severity of the disease state being treated and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The methods of this invention, generally speaking, may be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of the active compounds without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Such modes of administration include oral, rectal, sublingual, topical, nasal, transdermal or parenteral routes. The term “parenteral” includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or infusion. Intravenous and oral routes are preferred.

The compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the conjugates of the invention into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the compounds into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Compositions suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound. Other compositions include suspensions in aqueous liquors or non-aqueous liquids such as a syrup, an elixir, or an emulsion.

Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the active compounds of the invention, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer based systems such as polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyanhydrides and polycaprolactone; nonpolymer systems that are lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono-, di- and triglycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings, compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients, partially fused implants and the like. In addition, a pump-based hardware delivery system can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.

A long-term sustained release implant also may be used. “Long-term” release, as used herein, means that the implant is constructed and arranged to deliver therapeutic levels of the active ingredient for at least 30 days, and preferably 60 days. Long-term sustained release implants are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and include some of the release systems described above.

Those skilled in the art will be able to recognize with no more than routine experimentation numerous equivalents to the specific products and processes described above. Such equivalents are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

The following examples are provided to guide those skilled in the art. Various changes and modifications may be made, as will be evident to those skilled in the art, and are within the scope of the invention. Linoleyl alcohol, other fatty alcohols, and fatty acids were obtained from Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. (Elysian, Minn.). The reagents and solvents used are readily available, for example, from Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc (Milwaukee, Wis.), EM Sciences (Cincinnati, Ohio), and VWR Scientific (Bridgeport, N.J.).

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of linoleyl para-nitrophenyl carbonate

To a vigorously stirring room temperature solution containing linoleyl alcohol (1.07 g, 4.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL), and Et₃N (845.9 μL, 6.07 mmol, 1.5 equiv) under an argon atmosphere, was added dropwise a solution containing para-nitrophenyl chloroformate (815.6 mg, 4.05 mmol, 1.0 equiv) and CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). After one hour, the reaction appeared to be complete, as monitored by thin layer chromatography. To insure completeness, approximately 50 mg of para-nitrophenyl chloroformate was added, and the reaction allowed to stir an additional 0.5 hr. At this time, the reaction was concentrated to approximately ½ volume, and the supernatant was decanted directly to two (2) Biotage 3.0 gram silica gel samplets (Biotage, Inc., Charlottesville, Va.). The carbonate product was purified on the Biotage Quad 4 Purification System using two 25M 40 gram silica cartridges, eluting with 1:9 EtOAc/hexanes. The product carbonate was isolated as a clear faint yellow viscous liquid (1.47 gram; 84.2% yield). The reaction is shown schematically below:

Example 2 Synthesis of 2′-linoleyl carbonate paclitaxel

To a vigorously stirring room temperature solution containing paclitaxel (500 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1.0 equiv), CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (78.7 mg, 0.64 mmol, 1.1 equiv) under an argon atmosphere, was added dropwise a solution containing linoleyl, para-nitrophenyl carbonate (as prepared in Example 1) (303.2 mg, 0.70 mmol, 1.2 equiv) and CH₂Cl₂ (2.0 mL). After stirring 80 minutes, the reaction was shown to be complete by thin layer chromatography. At this time, the reaction solution was added directly to a Biotage 3.0 gram silica samplet. 2′-linoleyl carbonate paclitaxel was purified on the Biotage Quad 4 Purification System using a 25M 40 gram silica cartridges, eluting the first 20 fractions using 1:3 EtOAc/hexanes, and the final 20 fractions using 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes. Yield: 651.5 mg (97.1%); clear glassy white solid.

Optionally, 2′-linoleyl carbonate paclitaxel may be recrystallized from ethanol at a concentration of approximately 150 mg/mL. The pure compound (pure by flash silica chromatography) dissolves at this concentration with the aid of sonication, vortexing, and/or gentle heating (50° C.), and slowly crystallizes upon cooling. The reaction is shown schematically below:

The following compounds are synthesized using analogous methods:

Example 3 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol-Adefovir Conjugate Via a Carbamate Linkage

Adefovir (PMEA) is conjugated to a fatty alcohol using the following procedure:

wherein Z is methyl or ethyl and ROC(O)T is:

Example 4 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol-Vincristine Conjugate Via an Ester Linkage

Vincristine is conjugated to a fatty alcohol at position 23 using the following procedure:

Vinblastine is conjugated to fatty alcohols using the same procedure.

Example 5 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol-Vincristine Conjugate Via a Carbonate Linkage

Vincristine is conjugated to a fatty alcohol at position 4 using the following procedure:

wherein ROC(O)OT is as described above. Vinblastine is conjugated to fatty alcohols using the same procedure.

Example 6 Synthesis of an O-Fatty Alkyl Hydroxylamine

Fatty alcohols were derivatized to O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine a using the following procedure:

wherein MsCl is methanesulfonyl chloride.

Example 7 Synthesis of an O-Fatty Alkyl Hydroxylamine Conjugated to a Pharmaceutical Agent

The fatty alcohol is first derivatized to a hydroxylamine as in Example 6 and then conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent (XOH) using the following procedure:

wherein Et₃N is triethylamine.

Example 8 Synthesis of an O-Fatty Alkyl Hydroxylamine Conjugated to a Pharmaceutical Agent

The fatty alcohol is first derivatized to a hydroxylamine as in Example 6 and then conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent (XNH₂) using the following procedure:

Example 9 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol Pharmaceutical Agent Conjugate Via a Guanidine Linkage

The fatty alcohol is conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent (XNH₂) using the following procedure:

and PPh₃ is triphenyl phosphine, DEAD is diethyl azodicarboxylate, PS-DEAD is polystyrene-supported diethyl azodicarboxylate, THF is a tetrahydrofuran solvent, TFA is trifluoroacetic acid and HCl is hydrochloric acid.

Example 9 Synthesis of an O-Fatty Alkyl Hydroxylamine Conjugated to a Pharmaceutical Agent

The O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine (prepared as described above) is conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent (XOH) using the following procedure:

Example 10 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol Pharmaceutical Agent Conjugate Via a Guanidine Linkage

The fatty alcohol is conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent (XNH₂) using the following procedure:

and PPh₃ is triphenyl phosphine, DEAD is diethyl azodicarboxylate, PS-DEAD is polystyrene-supported diethyl azodicarboxylate, THF is a tetrahydrofuran solvent, TFA is trifluoroacetic acid and HCl is hydrochloric acid.

Example 11 Examples of Etoposide Conjugates

The following etoposide-fatty alcohol conjugates were prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Example 12 Examples of Clozapine Conjugates

The following clozapine-fatty alcohol conjugates are prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Example 13 Examples of Gemcitabine Conjugates

The following gemcitabine-fatty alcohol conjugates are prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Example 14 Examples of Flavopiridol Conjugates

The following flavopiridol-fatty alcohol conjugates are prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Similarly, conjugates are prepared with fatty alcohols conjugated at the 5 position and at the 3 position of flavopiridol.

Example 15 Examples of Roscovitine Conjugates

The following roscovitine-fatty alcohol conjugates are prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Similarly, conjugates are prepared with fatty alcohols either conjugated to the 1′ guanidinium amine nitrogen or the C6 benzyl amine nitrogen in after protecting the primary hydroxyl group of roscovitine.

Example 16 Examples of Mytomycin C Conjugates

The following roscovitine-fatty alcohol conjugates were prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Example 17 Examples of Purvalanol Conjugates

The following purvalanol B-fatty alcohol conjugates were prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Conjugation at the carboxylic acid moiety of Purvalanol A requires protection of the free hydroxyl group, which may be routinely accomplished by those of skill in the art. One skilled in the art will also appreciate that fatty alcohols may also be conjugated to an amino group of purvalanol A as well as that analogous fatty alcohol conjugates may be formed with purvalanol B.

Example 18 Synthesis of Etopophos Fatty Alcohol Conjugates

The following etopophos-fatty alcohol phosphate conjugates are prepared using two different methodologies, as shown below:

Example 19 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol-SN-38 Conjugate Via a Carbonate Linkage

SN-38 is conjugated to a fatty alcohol at position 20 using the following procedure:

wherein Et₃SiCl is chlorotriethylsilane, DMF is dimethylformamide, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine, and TBAF is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.

Example 20 Examples of SN-38 Conjugates

The following SN-38-fatty alcohol conjugates are prepared using analogous methods to those described above and in the specification:

Example 21 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol-Adefovir Conjugate Via a Phosphonate Linkage

Adefovir is conjugated to a fatty alcohol using the following procedure:

As one skilled in the art will recognize, one equivalent of linoleyl alcohol will generally form a conjugate with one fatty alcohol moiety and two equivalents of linoleyl alcohol will generally form a conjugate with two fatty alcohol moieties.

Example 22 Synthesis of a Fatty Alcohol Pharmaceutical Agent Conjugate Via an Oxime Linkage

The fatty alcohol is converted to an O-fatty alkyl hydroxylamine and then conjugated to a pharmaceutical agent via an oxime linkage using the following procedure: 

1. A compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH and X is an anticancer drug moiety of an anticancer drug XOH, wherein the anticancer drug is not paclitaxel.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₆ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₄-C₂₄ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid selected from myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nervonic acid.
 6. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, and X is an anticancer drug moiety of an anticancer drug XOH, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the anticancer drug is not paclitaxel.
 7. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 6, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid from myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nervonic acid.
 8. A method of making a compound of the formula:

comprising reacting an intermediate of the formula ROC(O)T with an anticancer drug of the formula XOH for a time sufficient to form the compound wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, and X an anticancer drug moiety of anticancer drug of the formula XOH, wherein the anticancer drug is not paclitaxel.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid selected from myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nervonic acid.
 10. A method of treating a disorder comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of the formula:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein R is a C₈-C₂₆ fatty group of a fatty alcohol ROH, and X is an anticancer drug moiety of an anticancer drug XOH.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid selected from myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosenoic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and nervonic acid.
 12. The method of claim 11 wherein the disorder is a mammalian cell proliferation disorder.
 13. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 6, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 14. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 6, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₆ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 15. The pharmaceutical preparation of claim 6, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₄-C₂₄ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 16. The method of claim 8, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 17. The method of claim 8, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₆ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₄-C₂₄ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₂-C₂₆ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans.
 21. The method of claim 10, wherein the fatty alcohol ROH has a carbon structure that is the same as a carbon structure of a C₁₄-C₂₄ fatty acid occurring naturally in humans. 